TY - BOOK AU - Vithanage,Meththika AU - Prasad,M.N.V. TI - Microplastics in the ecosphere: air, water, soil, and food SN - 9781119879503 AV - TD427.P62 M5394 2023 U1 - 363.738 23/eng/20221109 PY - 2023/// CY - Hoboken, NJ PB - Wiley KW - Microplastics KW - Environmental aspects KW - Electronic books N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; Table of Contents List of Contributors xvii Preface xxii Section I Single Use Plastics 1 1 Scientometric Analysis of Microplastics across the Globe 3 Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Fatma Nur Eraslan, Eftade O. Gaga, and Kadir Gedik 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Materials and Methods 5 1.3 Results and Discussion 5 1.3.1 Trends in Scientific Production and Citations 5 1.3.2 Top Funding Agencies 6 1.3.3 Top 10 Global Affiliations 7 1.3.4 Top Countries 8 1.3.5 Top 10 Databases and Journals 9 1.3.6 Top 10 Published Articles 9 1.3.7 Top 10 Author Keywords and Research Areas 10 1.4 Conclusion 11 Acknowledgments 12 References 12 2 Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans – A Review 15 Manju P. Nair and Anu Gopinath 2.1 Introduction 15 2.1.1 Plastics 15 2.1.2 Plastic Pollution 15 2.1.3 Microplastics 16 2.1.4 Importance of Microplastic Pollution in the Polar Oceans 17 2.2 Polar Regions 17 2.2.1 General 17 2.2.2 Sea Ice 19 2.2.3 Water 19 2.2.4 Sediments 21 2.2.5 Biota 22 2.3 Future Perspectives 23 2.4 Conclusions 24 References 24 3 Microplastics – Global Scenario 29 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Environmental Issues of Plastic Waste 54 3.3 Coprocessing of Plastic Waste in Cement Kilns 55 3.4 Disposal of Plastic Waste Through Plasma Pyrolysis Technology (PPT) 56 3.4.1 Merits of PPT 57 References 59 4 The Single- Use Plastic Pandemic in the COVID- 19 Era 65 Fatma Nur Eraslan, Mansoor Ahmad Bhat, Kadir Gedik, and Eftade O. Gaga 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Materials and Methods 66 4.2.3 Estimation of the Daily Amount of Medical Waste in Hospitals 67 4.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment 67 4.3.2 Packaging SUPs 68 4.3.2.1 Trends in Plastic Waste Generation, Management, and Environmental Fate during the COVID- 19 Era 69 4.4.1 Environmental Impacts from SUP Waste 70 4.4.2 Management of SUP Waste 71 4.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 72 References 72 Section II Microplastics in the Aerosphere 77 5 Atmospheric Microplastic Transport 79 Yudith Vega Paramitadevi, Ana Turyanti, Ersa Rishanti, Beata Ratnawati, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, and Nurani Ikhlas 5.1 The Phenomenon of Microplastic Transport 79 5.2 Factors Affecting Microplastic Transport 81 5.2.1 Types of MPs 81 5.2.2 Characteristics and Sources of Microplastics Emitters 81 5.2.3 Meteorological Conditions 82 5.2.4 Altitude and Surface Roughness 83 5.2.5 Microplastic Deposition Processes in the Ocean 83 5.2.6 Microplastics Deposition Processes in the Air 84 5.3 Microplastic Transport Modelling 85 5.3.1 Eulerian Method 87 References 92 6 Microplastics in the Atmosphere and Their Human and Eco Risks 97 Dhammika N. Magana- Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Microplastics in the Atmosphere 97 6.2.2 Chemical Composition 98 6.2.3 Sources of Microplastics 99 6.2.5 Effects of Climatic Conditions on MP Distribution 101 6.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health and the Eco Risk 102 6.3.2 Eco Risk 106 6.4 Strategies to Minimise Atmospheric MPs through Future Research 107 6.5 Conclusion 108 Acknowledgements 109 References 109 7 Sampling and Detection of Microplastics in the Atmosphere 113 Sudip Choudhury, Kuheli Deb, Saurav Paul, Bimal Bhusan Chakraborty, and Sunayana Goswami 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Classification 114 7.3.4 Biota 115 7.5 Detection and Characterisation of MPs in the Atmosphere 116 7.5.1 Microscopic Techniques for Detecting MPs 117 7.5.1.6 Hot Needle Technique 119 7.5.1.7 Digital Holography 119 7.5.2 Spectroscopic Techniques for Analysing MPs 120 7.6 Conclusion 121 Funding 121 References 121 8 Sources and Circulation of Microplastics in the Aerosphere – Atmospheric Transport of Microplastics 125 Gobishankar Sathyamohan, Madushika Sewwandi, Balram Ambade, and Meththika Vithanage 8.1 Introduction 125 8.1.1 Occurrence and Abundance of Atmospheric MP 126 8.1.2 Plastic Polymers and Their Properties 127 8.1.3 Sources and Pathways of MPs in the Atmosphere 129 8.2 Temporal and Spatial Trends in MP Accumulation 130 8.3 Formation of MPs 131 8.3.1 Physical Weathering 132 8.3.4 Photo- thermal Oxidation 133 8.3.5 Thermal Degradation 134 8.4.1 Wet Deposition 136 8.6 Predicting MP Dispersion and Transport 137 8.7 Eco- Environmental Impacts 138 8.8 Future Perspectives 139 References 140 Section III Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 147 9 Interaction of Chemical Contaminants with Microplastics 149 Asitha T. Cooray, Janitha Walpita, Pabasari A. Koliyabandara, and Ishara U. Soyza 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Interactions 150 9.3 Mechanisms 152 9.3.3 Kinetics of the Sorption Process 154 9.3.5 Pseudo- Second- Order Model 155 9.3.8 Isotherm Models 156 9.5 Future Approaches 157 References 158 10 Microplastics in Freshwater Environments 163 Florin- Constantin Mihai, Laura A.T. Markley, Farhan R. Khan, Giuseppe Suaria, and Sedat Gundogdu 10.1 Introduction 163 10.2 Microplastics in Rivers and Tributaries 164 10.3 Microplastics in Lakes 166 10.4 Microplastics in Groundwater Sources 167 10.5 Microplastics in Glaciers and Ice Caps 168 10.6 Microplastics in Deltas 169 10.7 Conclusion 171 Acknowledgment 171 References 171 11 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Flow and Transport 177 Anna Kwarciak- Kozłowska 11.1 Plastics and Microplastics 177 11.2 Microplastics in Landfill Leachate 180 11.3 Summary 183 Acknowledgments 183 References 183 12 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment – Effects on Ocean Carbon Sequestration and Sustenance of Marine Life 189 Arunima Bhattacharya and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment 190 12.2.2.1 Chemical Nature 191 12.3.2.1 Effect on Phytoplankton Photosynthesis and Growth 192 12.3.2.2 Effect on Zooplankton Development and Reproduction 193 12.4 Microplastics and Marine Fauna 194 12.4.2.1 Shrimp 195 12.4.4 Effects on Marine Mammals 196 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 197 Acknowledgments 197 References 197 Section IV Microplastics in Soil Systems 201 13 Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems: A Serious Threat to Food Security and Human Health 203 Siril Singh, Sheenu Sharma, Rajni Yadav, and Anand Narain Singh 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Sources of Microplastics in Agroecosystems 204 13.2.3 Application of Sewage Sludge/Biosolids 205 13.2.6 Landfill Sites 206 13.3.2 Implications for Crop Plants and Food Security 209 13.4 Human Health Risks 211 13.5 Knowledge Gaps 212 13.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 212 Acknowledgments 213 References 213 14 Migration of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants to Soil and Their Effects 219 Marta Jaskulak and Katarzyna Zorena 14.1 Introduction 219 14.2 Microplastics as Sorbing Materials for Hazardous Chemicals 220 14.3 Types of Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils 222 14.4 Effects of Exposure and Co- exposure in Soil – Consequences of Contaminant Sorption for MP Toxicity and Bioaccumulation 223 14.5 Microplastic- Bound Contaminants in Soils as Potential Threats to Human Health 224 14.6 Conclusions 226 References 226 15 Plastic Mulch- Derived Microplastics in Agricultural Soil Systems 233 Sammani Ramanayaka, Hao Zhang, and Kirk T. Semple 15.1 Plastic Mulch Films in Agriculture 233 15.2 Types of Synthetic Polymer Mulch Films 234 15.4 Mulch Microplastic Pollution in Soil 235 15.4.1 Influences of Mulch Microplastics on Soil Physical Properties 236 15.4.2.1 Soil Organic Matter (SOM) 237 15.4.2.2 Soil pH 238 15.4.3 The Impact of Microplastics on Soil Biological Properties 239 15.5 Mulch Microplastics as a Vector 240 15.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 242 References 243 16 Critical Review of Microplastics in Soil 249 Fábio C. Nunes, Lander de Jesus Alves, Cláudia C.N. de Carvalho, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, and José R. de Souza Filho 16.1 Introduction 249 16.2 Sources and Transfer of Microplastics in Soils 251 16.3 Classification, Qualification, and Quantification of Microplastics in Soil 253 16.4 Effects and Risks of Microplastics on Soil Health 255 16.5 Analytical Methodologies for Microplastics in Soil 259 16.6 Epilogue and Future Perspectives 262 Acknowledgment 262 References 262 17 What Do We Know About the Effects of Microplastics on Soil? 271 Ana Paula Pinto, Teresa Ferreira, Ana V. Dordio, Alfredo Jorge Palace Carvalho, and Jorge M.S. Faria 17.1 Introduction 271 17.2 Why and How Do MPs End Up in the Soil? 272 17.2.1 Mulching Films 273 17.2.2 Sewage Sludge/Compost Application 274 17.2.3 Irrigation 275 17.4 Microplastics as Carriers of Soil Contaminants – Contaminant Vectors 277 17.4.1 MPs as Carriers of Metals and/or Metalloids 278 17.4.2 MPs as Carriers of Organic Pollutants 279 17.5 Microplastic Effects 280 17.5.2 MP Effects on Plant Growth Performance 283 17.5.3 MP Effects on Soil Nutrient Cycling 289 17.6 Conclusions and Perspectives for Future Research 291 References 292 18 Microbial Degradation of Plastics 305 Abin Sebastian, Aleena Maria Paul, Donia Dominic, Misriya Shaji, Priya Jose, Sarika Sasi, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 18.1 Introduction 305 18.2 Diversity of Plastic- Degrading Microbes 307 18.3 Mechanism of Microbe- Mediated Decomposition of Plastics 309 18.4 Molecular Factors in the Microbial Breakdown of Plastics 311 18.5 Microbes and Sustainable Degradation of Plastics 313 18.5.1 Outlook 315 References 316 19 Microplastics and Soil Nutrient Cycling 321 Madhuni Wijesooriya, Hasintha Wijesekara, Madushika Sewwandi, Sasimali Soysa, Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha, Meththika Vithanage, and Nanthi Bolan 19.1 Introduction 321 19.2 Microplastics in Soil 322 19.3 Effect of Microplastics on Nutrient Cycling 323 19.3.1 Soil Nitrogen Cycling 324 19.3.3 Soil Phosphorous Content 325 19.4 Effect of Microplastic- Driven Factors on Soil Nutrient Cycling 326 19.4.1 Properties of Microplastics 326 19.4.3 Soil Chemical Characteristics 329 19.4.4 Soil Physical Characteristics 330 19.4.5 Consequences of Microplastics for Nutrient Cycling and Implications 331 19.5 Mechanisms of Microplastic- Driven Plant Toxicity/Nutrient Uptake 332 19.6 Future Perspectives 333 References 333 Section V Microplastics in Food Systems 339 20 Microplastics in the Food Chain 341 Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe, Sharmila Jayatilake, H. Umesh K.D.Z. Rajapakse, N.K. Sandunika Kithmini, and K.M. Prakash M. Kulathunga 20.1 Introduction 341 20.2 Presence of Microplastics in the Food Chain 342 20.2.1 Transmission Through the Food Chain 343 20.2.2 Other Pathways Through Which Microplastics Enter Food 345 20.2.2.1 Transmission from Food Packaging 346 20.3 Possible Health Effects of Microplastics in Food 347 20.4 How to Minimize Microplastic Contamination in Food 348 20.4.1 Need for Research on the Realistic Ecological Impact of Microplastics 349 20.4.2 Effective Methods of Microplastic Detection and Removal 349 20.4.4 Efficient Disposal of Plastic Waste 350 20.5 Summary 350 References 351 21 Microplastics in Salt and Drinking Water 357 Muthumali U. Adikari, Nirmala Prasadi, and Chamila V.L. Jayasinghe 21.1 Microplastics in Salt 357 21.1.1 Introduction 357 21.1.1.1 Microplastics in Salt: Occurrence and Abundance 357 21.1.1.2 Microplastic Contamination in Different Salt Types 358 21.1.1.3 Estimated Consumption of Microplastics through Salt 360 21.2.1 Introduction 361 21.2.4 Microplastics in Drinking Water: Analytical Methods Used 363 21.2.5 Removal Strategies 364 21.3 Summary 365 References 365 22 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood (Invertebrates) and Seaweeds 369 Sanchala Gallage 22.1 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 369 22.1.3 Possible MP Accumulation Pathways in Commercial Seafood 371 22.1.4 Microplastics in Commercial Seafood and Seaweeds 372 22.1.4.2 Microplastics in Shrimp 373 22.1.4.3 Microplastics in Crabs 374 22.1.4.4 Microplastics in Lobsters 375 22.1.4.5 Microplastics in Sea Urchins and Sea Cucumbers 376 22.1.4.6 Microplastics in Seaweeds 377 22.1.5 Concluding Notes 377 Acknowledgement 378 References 378 23 Microplastic Toxicity to Humans 381 Magdalena Madeła 23.1 Introduction 381 23.2 Ingestion of Microplastics 382 23.3 Human Exposure to Inhalation of Microplastics 384 23.4 Human Exposure to Dermal Contact with Microplastics 385 23.5 Conclusions 386 References 387 Section VI Treatment Technologies and Management 391 24 Management of Microplastics from Sources to Humans 393 Samanthika Senarath and Dinushi Kaushalya 24.1 Introduction 393 24.1.1 Composition and Characteristics of Microplastics 394 24.2 Classification and Sources of Microplastics 394 24.2.1 Sources of Human Exposure to Microplastics 395 24.3 Impact of Microplastics on Human Health 396 24.4 Social and Ecological Impacts of Microplastics 397 24.4.1 Management Strategies for Microplastics 398 24.4.1.1 Proper Management of Plastics and Plastic Waste 399 24.4.1.2 Use of Bio- based and Biodegradable Plastics 400 24.4.1.3 Improvement of Wastewater and Solid Waste Treatment Processes 400 24.5 Prospects in Microplastic Management 401 24.6 Summary 401 References 401 25 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics vs. Bioplastics 405 Iwona Zawieja 25.1 Ordinary Plastic – General Characteristics 405 25.2 Bioplastics – General Characteristics 406 25.3 Biodegradability of Bioplastics 408 25.5 Environmental Benefits of Using Bioplastic 410 25.6 Summary 412 Acknowledgments 412 References 413 Section VII Case Studies 415 26 Plastic Nurdles in Marine Environments Due to Accidental Spillage 417 Madushika Sewwandi, Santhirasekaram Keerthanan, Kalani Imalka Perera, and Meththika Vithanage 26.1 Introduction 417 26.1.2 Plastic Nurdles 418 26.2.2.1 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twentieth Century 419 26.2.2.2 Nurdle Distribution on Beaches in the Atlantic Ocean in the Twenty- First Century 420 26.2.2.3 Nurdle Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea 421 26.3.2 Fate and Transport of Nurdles in Marine Systems 422 26.3.3 Impacts of Nurdle Spillage on the Marine Environment 423 26.4 X- Press Pearl Shipwreck – Case Study 424 26.4.1 Nurdle Spillage 424 26.4.3 Characteristics and Contamination of Spilled Nurdles 425 26.4.4 Possible Impacts 427 26.4.4.1 Marine Environment 428 26.4.4.5 Impact on the Economy 429 References 429 27 Compost- Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost 433 K.S.D. Premarathna, Sammani Ramanayaka, Ayanthie Navaratne, Hasintha Wijesekara, Jasintha Jayasanka, and Meththika Vithanage 27.1 Municipal Solid Waste 433 27.1.2 Composting Process as a Source of Microplastics 435 27.2.2 Sizes of microplastics 436 27.2.3 Characteristics of Compost- Hosted Microplastics 436 27.3 Impact of Microplastic- Contaminated Compost on Soil Properties 437 27.3.2 Impact on Soil Chemical Properties 438 27.4 Compost- Hosted Microplastics as a Vector 440 27.4.1 Effect on Soil Organisms 441 27.5 Future Perspectives 442 References 443 28 Single- Use Ordinary Plastics and Bioplastics – A Case Study in Brazil 449 Luís P. Azevedo, Carlos A.F. Lagarinhos, Denise C.R. Espinosa, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 28.1 Introduction 449 28.1.1 Municipality of São Paulo (the Largest in the Country) – State Law No. 15374/2011 451 28.1.2 State of Rio de Janeiro – State Law No. 8473/2019 451 28.1.3 Santos(SP) – Municipal Law 232/2019 452 28.1.4 Ilhabela(SP) – Municipal Law 598/2008 452 28.1.5 São Sebastião (SP) – Municipal Law 2590/2018 452 28.1.6 Natal (RN) – Municipal Law 295/2009 452 28.1.7 Fernando de Noronha Island (PE) – District Decree 002/2018 452 28.2.2 Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate (PBAT) Bioplastic 453 28.2.5 Shrimp Shell Bioplastic 454 28.2.9 Organic Waste Bioplastic 455 28.5 Energy Recovery 457 28.6 Public Policies 458 28.7 Impacts of Environmental Legislation 459 28.8 Challenges of Bioplastics Production 460 28.9 Conclusions 461 References 462 29 Microplastics Remediation – Possible Perspectives for Mitigating Saline Environments 465 Amir Parnian, Mehdi Mahbod, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad 29.1 Introduction 465 29.2 Assimilation of Microplastics in Saline Water Bodies and Soil Ecosystems 467 29.3 Microplastic Self- Aging and Degradation: Hopes and Risks for the Ecosystem 468 29.4 Microplastics: Technologies for Remediating Saline Environments 468 29.5 Economic and Social Aspects of Microplastic Remediation in Saline Conditions 471 29.6 Conclusion: Hopes, and Resistance to Environmental Remediation to Achieve a Cleaner Environment 472 References 472 30 The Management of Waste Tires: A Case Study in Brazil 477 Carlos Alberto Ferreira Lagarinhos, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, and Luís Peres de Azevedo 30.1 Introduction 477 30.2 Methodology 478 30.3 Results and Discussions 479 30.3.4 Comparison Between Systems for Recycling Tires in the EU Countries, the United States, Japan, and Brazil 481 30.3.5 Technologies for Reuse, Recycling, and Energy Recovery 484 30.3.8 Tire Pyrolysis Process 486 30.3.9 Reclaimed Rubber and Rugs for Automobiles 486 30.3.11 Asphalt Rubber 487 30.4 Reverse Logistics Tires in Brazil 488 30.4.2 Recycling by Tire Manufacturers 490 30.6 Conclusions 495 References 496 Index 499 N2 - "Offering a comprehensive overview of microplastics in terrestrial environments, the book is a valuable resource for environmental researchers, soil chemists, ecologists and toxicologists, as well as for policymakers and non-experts. It presents a compilation of compelling insights into the fundamentals of microplastics, with a specific focus on the environmental interactions and subsequent management strategies to mitigate the persistent contamination of microplastics"-- UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119879534 ER -