10 Energy Storage: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Hydrogen 639
10.1 Ensuring Resource Adequacy 640
10.2 The Need for Energy Storage 641
10.3 Battery Basics 642
10.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries 644
10.5 Emerging Battery Technologies 646
10.5.1 Silicon Anodes 646
10.5.2 Lithium-Metal Batteries 647
10.5.3 Solid-State Batteries 648
10.6 Beyond the Cell: Producing Battery Modules and Packs 648
10.6.1 Thermal Safety 651
10.7 The Big Picture: Diverse Applications for Li-Ion Batteries 652
10.8 Lead–Acid Batteries 654
10.8.1 Basics of Lead–Acid Batteries 654
10.8.2 Battery Chemistry of Lead–Acid Batteries 656
10.9 Battery Storage Capacity 6.5.7 659
10.10 Coulombic Efficiency Instead of Energy Efficiency 663
10.11 Battery Systems for Buildings 664
10.11.1 Commercial Buildings 666
10.11.2 Operating to Maximize Cost Savings and Financial Benefits 668
10.11.3 Incentives and Regulations for Energy Storage 669
10.12 Carbon Savings 670
10.13 Utility-Scale Batteries 674
10.13.1 Flow Batteries 678
10.13.2 Iron–Air Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage 681
10.13.3 Sodium–Sulfur Batteries 682
10.14 Dynamic Dispatch and Grid Storage with Electric Vehicle Fleets 682
10.15 Hydrogen, Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Prospects for Long-Term Storage 686
10.15.1 Fuel Cells 687
10.15.2 Historical Development 688
10.15.3 Basic Operation of Fuel Cells 688
10.15.4 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics: Enthalpy 690
10.15.5 Entropy and the Theoretical Efficiency of Fuel Cells 694
10.15.6 Gibbs Free Energy and Fuel Cell Efficiency 697
10.15.7 Electrical Output of an Ideal Cell 698
10.15.8 Electrical Characteristics of Real Fuel Cells 699
10.15.9 Types of Fuel Cells 701
10.15.10 Producing Hydrogen 706
Problems 711
References 716
11 Microgrids 725
11.1 Introduction 725
11.2 Microgrids for Local Resilience 726
11.3 Microgrids for Off-Grid Applications 727
11.4 Off-Grid Solar PV with Battery Systems 728
11.4.1 Stand-Alone System Components 729
11.4.2 Self-Regulating Modules 731
11.4.3 Estimating the Load 733
11.4.4 Initial Array Sizing Assuming an MPP Tracker 737
11.4.5 Battery Sizing for Stand-Alone Systems 738
11.4.6 Sizing an Array with No MPP Tracker 742
11.4.7 A Simple Design Template 745
11.4.8 Stand-Alone PV System Costs 749
11.5 PV-Powered Water Pumping 751
11.5.1 The Electrical Side of the System 753
11.5.2 Hydraulic Pump Curves 754
11.5.3 Hydraulic System Curves 758
11.5.4 Putting It All Together to Predict Performance 761
11.6 Distributed Energy Resources 764
Problems 764
References 768
A Energy Economics Tutorial 771
A.1 Simple Payback Period 771
A.2 Initial (Simple) Rate of Return 772
A.3 The Time Value of Money and Net Present Value 772
A.4 Internal Rate of Return 775
A.5 Net Present Value with Fuel Escalation 777
A.6 IRR with Fuel Escalation 779
A.7 Annualizing the Investment 780
A.8 Levelized Cost of Electricity 781
A.9 Cash-Flow Analysis 785
Index 787
Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems dives into the fundamentals of modern electricity systems, introducing key technologies, economic and environmental impacts, and practical considerations for energy and climate professionals. The book explains the science and engineering underlying renewable energy—including solar, wind, and hydropower—along with an expanded set of key energy technologies such as fuel cells, batteries, and hydrogen. This updated edition prepares readers to participate in the world’s ongoing efforts to decarbonize the electricity sector and move toward a more sustainable future.
The book covers foundational knowledge of electric power, up through current developments and future prospects for renewable energy. The update significantly expands core content to address topics such as energy efficiency, smart grids, energy storage, and microgrids. It reframes energy as an integral factor in urban development and highlights forward-looking strategies to decarbonize the built environment. The text draws on a multi-scalar approach that ranges from utility-scale to building-scale to assess energy systems, and further considers centralized vs. distributed system architecture. The authors integrate perspectives from engineering professionals across different sectors, incorporating relevant insights from applied projects, with an eye toward implementing energy systems in the real world. Given the textbook’s broad reach, this edition situates energy development in an international context and provides examples relevant to a global audience -- Provided by the publisher.
About the Author Gilbert M. Masters received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University. He is Professor Emeritus in the Atmosphere/Energy Program, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford, where he has taught courses for over three decades on energy and the environment.
Kevin F. Hsu is a AAAS Science & Technology Policy Fellow, with international experience in energy and climate planning. He researches infrastructure and climate resilience at MIT, and has taught sustainability and design classes at Stanford University.
9781119847106
Electric power systems--Energy conservation Electric power systems --Electric losses.