Applied building physics : ambient conditions, functional demands and building part requirements /
Hugo Hens.
- Third, revised edition.
- 1 online resource.
-
Table of Contents Preface xv
About the Author xvii
List of Units and Symbols Introduction 1
Subject of the Book 1
Further Reading 2
1 Ambient Conditions Out- and Indoors 3
1.1 Overview 3
1.2 Outdoors 5
1.2.1 In General 5
1.2.2 Air Temperature 6
1.2.3 Solar Radiation 9
1.2.3.1 In General 9
1.2.3.2 Beam Radiation 11
1.2.3.3 Diffuse Radiation 13
1.2.3.4 Reflected Radiation 15
1.2.3.5 Total Radiation 15
1.2.4 Clear Sky Long Wave Radiation 15
1.2.5 Relative Humidity (RH) and (Partial Water) Vapour Pressure 18
1.2.6 Wind 20
1.2.6.1 Impact 20
1.2.6.2 Wind Speed 21
1.2.6.3 Wind Pressure 22
1.2.7 Rain 23
1.2.7.1 Impact 23
1.2.7.2 Precipitation 23
1.2.7.3 Wind-driven Rain 25
1.2.8 Microclimate Around Buildings 28
1.2.9 Standardized Outside Climate Data 28
1.2.9.1 Design Temperature 28
1.2.9.2 Very Hot Summer, Very Cold Winter Day 30
1.2.9.3 Moisture Reference Year 30
1.2.9.4 Equivalent Temperature for Condensation and Drying 32
1.2.9.5 Monthly Mean Vapour Pressure Outdoors 35
1.3 Indoors 35
1.3.1 In General 35
1.3.2 Air Temperature 35
1.3.2.1 In General 35
1.3.2.2 Measured Data 36
1.3.3 Relative Humidity (RH) and Vapour Pressure 37
1.3.3.1 In General 37
1.3.3.2 Vapour Release Indoors 38
1.3.3.3 Measured Data 38
1.3.3.4 Indoor Climate Classes 45
1.3.4 Indoor to Outdoor Air Pressure Differentials 47
Annex: Solar Radiation at Uccle, Belgium (50 ∘ 51 ′ N, 4 ∘ 21 ′ E) 48
Further Reading 59
2 Performance Metrics and Arrays 63
2.1 Definitions 63
2.2 Functional Demands 63
2.3 Performance Requirements 64
2.4 A Short History 64
2.5 Performance Arrays 66
2.5.1 Overview 66
2.5.1.1 The Built Environment 66
2.5.1.2 Whole Buildings and Building Assemblies 66
2.5.2 Some Demands More in Detail 70
2.5.2.1 Functionality 70
2.5.2.2 Structural Adequacy 70
2.5.2.3 Building Physics-Related Requirements 71
2.5.2.4 Fire Safety 71
2.5.2.5 Durability 72
2.5.2.6 Sustainability 73
2.5.2.7 Maintenance 73
Further Reading 73
3 Performance Demands at the Whole Building Level 75
3.1 In Brief 75
3.2 Thermal, Acoustical, Visual and Olfactory Comfort 75
3.2.1 In General 75
3.2.2 Thermal Comfort 76
3.2.2.1 Physiological Basis 76
3.2.2.2 The Autonomous Control System 77
3.2.2.3 Steady State Thermal Comfort, A Physiological Approach 78
3.2.2.4 Comfort Parameters and Variables 81
3.2.2.5 Steady State Thermal Comfort, the Adaptive Model 85
3.2.2.6 Thermal Comfort Under Non-uniform, Non-steady-state Conditions 86
3.2.2.7 Local Discomfort 87
3.2.2.8 Standard-based Comfort Requirements 89
3.2.2.9 Consequences for the Enclosure Performance 92
3.2.3 Acoustical Comfort 93
3.2.3.1 Anatomy of the Ears 93
3.2.3.2 Physiological Facts 94
3.2.3.3 Effects of Unacceptable Noise 94
3.2.3.4 Comfort Values 97
3.2.4 Visual Comfort 99
3.2.4.1 Anatomy of the Eyes 99
3.2.4.2 Physiological Facts 99
3.2.4.3 Comfort Values 100
3.2.5 Olfactory Comfort 102
3.2.5.1 Anatomy of the Nose 102
3.2.5.2 Physiological Facts 102
3.2.5.3 Comfort Values 102
3.3 Health and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 103
3.3.1 In General 103
3.3.2 Health 104
3.3.3 Definitions 104
3.3.4 Relation Between Pollution Out- and Indoors 105
3.3.5 Process-related Contaminants, Some Coming from Outdoors 105
3.3.5.1 Dust, Vapours, Smoke, Mist and Gaseous Clouds 105
3.3.5.2 Fibres 106
3.3.5.3 Ozone 107
3.3.6 Contaminants Emitted by Materials and Other Sources 107
4.5.10.3 Why Full Models Still Have Limitations 279
4.5.10.4 Usability of Full HAM Tools 283
4.6 Thermal Bridging 287
4.6.1 Definition 287
4.6.2 Performance Requirements 288
4.6.3 Consequences for the Envelope 288
4.7 Contact Coefficients 288
4.8 Hygrothermal Stress and Strain 288
4.9 Transparent Parts: Solar Transmittance 289
4.9.1 Definition 289
4.9.2 Performance Requirements 290
4.9.3 Consequences for the Envelope 290
Further Reading 290
5 The Envelope Parts Heat Air Moisture (HAM) Performances applied to Timber-Frame 295
5.1 In General 295
5.2 Assembly 295
5.3 Performance Evaluation 296
5.3.1 In General 296
5.3.2 Airtightness 296
5.3.3 Thermal Transmittance 297
5.3.4 Transient Response 299
5.3.5 Moisture Tolerance 300
5.3.5.1 Construction Moisture 300
5.3.5.2 Rain 300
5.3.5.3 Rising Damp 301
5.3.5.4 Hygroscopic Moisture and Surface Condensation 302
5.3.5.5 Interstitial Condensation 302
5.3.5.6 More Advanced Modelling 308
5.3.6 Thermal Bridging 310
Further Reading 310
Appendix: Heat, Air, Moisture (HAM) Material Properties 311
A.1 Heat Related, Standard Values; Applicable In- and Outside of the Thermal Insulation 311
A.2 Heat Related, Standard Values; Differentiating Between In- and Outside of the Thermal Insulation 315
A.3 Air-Related, Measured Values 323
A.4 Water Vapour Related: Vapour Resistance Factor, Standard Values 331
Index 337
While the first volume on building physics deals with the physical principles of heat, air and moisture behaviour of buildings, building structures and components, this second volume on applied building physics focuses on the question of what the desired performance of buildings consists of. To achieve this, knowledge of the external environmental effects and the internal live loads to which buildings are subjected is a necessary first step. Subsequently, the performance requirements and the physical correspondences are deepened with the determination of their physical parameters, at the levels of buildings, building structures and building components. Compared to the second edition, the discussion of criteria is not limited to thermal comfort, but also includes acoustic, visual and olfactory aspects. Likewise, the indoor air quality is considered in a broader way. Analyses and calculations result in sustainable buildings with a comfortable indoor climate from functional and durable building constructions. Compared to the second edition, the text for the third edition has been reorganised, corrected, revised and expanded where appropriate. A useful appendix for quick reference contains standard values of material properties for a wide range of building materials. The analyses and calculations described in this book result in sustainable buildings made of functional and durable building constructions, with comfortable and healthy indoor climate and air quality. Compared to the second edition the text in this third edition has been reshuffled, corrected, reworked and extended where appropriate.--Provided by the Publisher
About the Author Dr. Ir. Hugo S.L.C. Hens is an emeritus professor of the University of Leuven (KULeuven), Belgium. Until 1972, he worked as a structural engineer and site supervisor at a mid-sized architectural office. After the sudden death of his predecessor and promotor Professor A. de Grave in 1975 and after defending his PhD thesis, he stepwise built up the Department of Building Physics at the Department of Civil Engineering. He taught Building Physics from 1975 to 2003, performance based building design from 1975 to 2005 and building services from 1975 to 1977 and 1990 to 2008. He authored and co-authored 68 peer reviewed journal papers and 174 conference papers about the research done, has helped to manage hundreds of building damage cases and acted as coordinator of the CIB W40 working group on Heat and Mass Transfer in Buildings from 1983 to 1993. Between 1986 and 2008, he was operating agent of the Annexes 14, 24, 32 and 41 of the IEA EXCO on Energy in Buildings and Communities. He is a fellow of the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).