Wicander, Reed,  1946- <br/><br/>
Physical geology :  investigating earth / 
Reed Wicander, James Monroe 
 - First edition 
 - xiv, 497 pages :  illustrations (chiefly color),   color maps ; 28 cm 
<br/><br/>Includes index. 
<br/><br/>Preface<br/>Acknowledgments<br/>Author Biography<br/>Chapter 1. Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet<br/>1.1. Introduction<br/>1.2. What Is Geology?<br/>1.3. Geology and the Formulation of Theories<br/>1.4. How Does Geology Relate to the Human Experience?<br/>1.5. How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives?<br/>1.5a. Natural Disasters<br/>1.5b. Our Role as Decision Makers, Consumers, and Citizens<br/>1.6. Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind<br/>1.7. Origin of the Universe and Solar System, and Earth’s Place in Them<br/>1.7a. Origin of the Universe: Did It Begin with a Big Bang?<br/>1.7b. Our Solar System: Its Origin and Evolution<br/>1.7c. Earth: Its Place in Our Solar System<br/>1.8. Why Earth Is a Dynamic and Evolving Planet<br/>1.8a. Plate Tectonic Theory<br/>1.9. The Rock Cycle<br/>1.9a. The Relationship Between Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle<br/>1.10. Organic Evolution and Plate Tectonics<br/>1.11. Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism<br/>1.12. How Is the Study of Geology Beneficial to Us?<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 2. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory<br/>2.1. Introduction<br/>2.2. Early Ideas about Continental Drift<br/>2.2a. Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis<br/>2.3. What Is the Evidence Supporting Continental Drift?<br/>2.3a. Continental Fit<br/>2.3b. Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges<br/>2.3c. Glacial Evidence<br/>2.3d. Fossil Evidence<br/>2.4. Features of the Seafloor<br/>2.4a. The Continental Shelf, Slope, and Rise<br/>2.4b. Submarine Fans and Submarine Canyons<br/>2.4c. Abyssal Plains, Oceanic Ridges, Submarine Hydrothermal Vents, and Oceanic Trenches<br/>2.4d. Seafloor Fractures, Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges<br/>2.4e. Continental Margins<br/>2.5. Earth’s Magnetic Field<br/>2.5a. Inclination and Declination of the Magnetic Field<br/>2.6. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering<br/>2.7. Seafloor Spreading<br/>2.8. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory<br/>2.9. The Three Types of Plate Boundaries<br/>2.9a. Divergent Boundaries<br/>2.9b. Convergent Boundaries<br/>2.9c. Transform Boundaries<br/>2.10. Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes<br/>2.11. Plate Movement and Motion<br/>2.12. The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics<br/>2.13. Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Natural Resources<br/>2.13a. Petroleum<br/>2.13b. Mineral Deposits<br/>2.14. Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Life<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 3. Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks<br/>3.1. Introduction<br/>3.2. What Is Matter?<br/>3.2a. Atoms and Elements<br/>3.2b. Bonding and Compounds<br/>3.3. What Are Minerals?<br/>3.3a. Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances<br/>3.3b. Mineral Crystals<br/>3.3c. Chemical Composition of Minerals<br/>3.3d. Physical Properties of Minerals<br/>3.4. Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists<br/>3.4a. Silicate Minerals<br/>3.4b. Carbonate Minerals<br/>3.4c. Other Mineral Groups<br/>3.5. Physical Properties of Minerals<br/>3.5a. Luster and Color<br/>3.5b. Crystal Form<br/>3.5c. Cleavage and Fracture<br/>3.5d. Hardness<br/>3.5e. Specific Gravity (Density)<br/>3.5f. Other Useful Mineral Properties<br/>3.6. Rock-Forming Minerals<br/>3.7. How Do Minerals Form?<br/>3.8. Natural Resources and Reserves<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 4. Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity<br/>4.1. Introduction<br/>4.2. The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava<br/>4.2a. Composition of Magma<br/>4.2b. How Hot Are Magma and Lava?<br/>4.2c. Viscosity: Resistance to Flow<br/>4.3. How Does Magma Originate and Change?<br/>4.3a. Bowen’s Reaction Series<br/>4.3b. The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges<br/>4.3c. Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma<br/>4.3d. Hot Spots and the Origin of Magma<br/>4.3e. Compositional Changes in Magma<br/>4.4. Characteristics and Classification of Igneous Rocks<br/>4.4a. Igneous Rock Textures<br/>4.4b. Composition of Igneous Rocks<br/>4.4c. Classifying Igneous Rocks<br/>4.5. Intrusive Igneous Bodies: Plutons<br/>4.5a. Dikes and Sills<br/>4.5b. Laccoliths<br/>4.5c. Volcanic Pipes and Necks<br/>4.5d. Batholiths and Stocks<br/>4.6. The Origin of Batholiths<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 5. Volcanoes and Volcanism<br/>5.1. Introduction<br/>5.2. Volcanoes and Volcanism<br/>5.2a. Volcanic Gases<br/>5.2b. Lava Flows<br/>5.2c. Pyroclastic Materials<br/>5.3. Types of Volcanoes<br/>5.3a. Shield Volcanoes<br/>5.3b. Cinder Cones<br/>5.3c. Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes)<br/>5.3d. Lava Domes<br/>5.4. Other Volcanic Landforms<br/>5.4a. Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus<br/>5.4b. Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits<br/>5.5. Distribution of Volcanoes<br/>5.6. Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons<br/>5.6a. Igneous Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries<br/>5.6b. Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries<br/>5.6c. Intraplate Volcanism<br/>5.7. Volcanic Hazards, Volcanic Monitoring, and Forecasting Eruptions<br/>5.7a. How Large Are Eruptions, and How Long Can They Last?<br/>5.7b. Is It Possible to Forecast Eruptions?<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil<br/>6.1. Introduction<br/>6.2. How Are Earth Materials Altered?<br/>6.3. Mechanical Weathering—Disaggregation of Earth Materials<br/>6.3a. Frost Action<br/>6.3b. Pressure Release<br/>6.3c. Thermal Expansion and Contraction<br/>6.3d. Growth of Salt Crystals<br/>6.3e. Animal and Plant Activity<br/>6.4. Chemical Weathering—Decomposition of Earth Materials<br/>6.4a. Solution<br/>6.4b. Oxidation<br/>6.4c. Hydrolysis<br/>6.4d. The Rate of Chemical Weathering<br/>6.5. Soil and Its Origin<br/>6.5a. The Soil Profile<br/>6.5b. Factors That Control Soil Formation<br/>6.5c. Expansive Soils<br/>6.6. Soil Degradation<br/>6.6a. Soil Erosion<br/>6.6b. Chemical and Physical Soil Degradation<br/>6.7. Weathering and Resources<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 7. Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.1. Introduction<br/>7.2. Sediment Transport and Deposition<br/>7.2a. Sediment Transport<br/>7.2b. Deposition and Depositional Environments<br/>7.3. How Does Sediment Become Sedimentary Rock?<br/>7.3a. Compaction<br/>7.3b. Cementation<br/>7.4. Types of Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.4a. Detrital Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.4b. Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.5. Sedimentary Facies<br/>7.5a. Marine Transgressions and Regressions<br/>7.5b. Causes of Marine Transgressions and Regressions<br/>7.6. Reading the Story Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.6a. Sedimentary Structures<br/>7.6b. Fossils: Remains and Traces of Ancient Life<br/>7.6c. Determining the Environment of Deposition<br/>7.7. Important Resources in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks<br/>7.7a. Coal<br/>7.7b. Petroleum and Natural Gas<br/>7.7c. Uranium<br/>7.7d. Banded Iron Formation<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 8. Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks<br/>8.1. Introduction<br/>8.2. The Agents of Metamorphism<br/>8.2a. Heat<br/>8.2b. Pressure<br/>8.2c. Fluid Activity<br/>8.3. The Three Types of Metamorphism<br/>8.3a. Contact Metamorphism<br/>8.3b. Dynamic Metamorphism<br/>8.3c. Regional Metamorphism<br/>8.4. Index Minerals and Metamorphic Grade<br/>8.5. How Are Metamorphic Rocks Classified?<br/>8.5a. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks<br/>8.5b. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks<br/>8.6. Metamorphic Zones and Facies<br/>8.7. Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism<br/>8.8. Metamorphism and Natural Resources<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 9. Earthquakes<br/>9.1. Introduction<br/>9.2. Elastic Rebound Theory<br/>9.3. Seismology<br/>9.3a. The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake<br/>9.4. Where Do Earthquakes Occur, and How Often?<br/>9.5. Seismic Waves<br/>9.5a. Body Waves<br/>9.5b. Surface Waves<br/>9.6. Locating an Earthquake’s Epicenter<br/>9.7. Measuring the Strength of an Earthquake<br/>9.7a. Intensity<br/>9.7b. Magnitude<br/>9.8. The Destructive Effects of Earthquakes<br/>9.8a. Ground Shaking<br/>9.8b. Fire<br/>9.8c. Tsunami: Killer Waves<br/>9.8d. Ground Failure<br/>9.9. Earthquake Prediction<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 10. Earth’s Interior<br/>10.1. Introduction<br/>10.2. Earth’s Size, Density, and Internal Structure<br/>10.2a. Seismic Waves and Earth’s Interior<br/>10.2b. Seismic Tomography and Earth’s Interior<br/>10.3. Earth’s Core<br/>10.3a. Discovery of Earth’s Core<br/>10.3b. Density and Composition of the Core<br/>10.4. Earth’s Mantle<br/>10.4a. The Moho<br/>10.4b. The Mantle’s Structure, Density, and Composition<br/>10.5. Earth’s Crust<br/>10.5a. Continental Crust<br/>10.5b. Oceanic Crust<br/>10.6. Earth’s Internal Heat and Heat Flow<br/>10.7. Gravity and Its Determination<br/>10.7a. Gravity<br/>10.7b. Gravity Anomalies<br/>10.8. The Principle of Isostasy<br/>10.8a. Isostatic Rebound<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 11. Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Continents<br/>11.1. Introduction<br/>11.2. Rock Deformation<br/>11.2a. Stress and Strain<br/>11.2b. Types of Strain<br/>11.3. Strike and Dip: The Orientation of Deformed Rock Layers<br/>11.4. Deformation and Geologic Structures<br/>11.4a. Folded Rock Layers<br/>11.4b. Joints<br/>11.4c. Faults<br/>11.4d. Dip-Slip Faults<br/>11.4e. Strike-Slip Faults<br/>11.4f. Oblique-Slip Faults<br/>11.5. Deformation and the Origin of Mountains<br/>11.5a. Types of Mountains<br/>11.5b. Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building<br/>11.5c. Terranes and the Origin of Mountains<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 12. Mass Wasting<br/>12.1. Introduction<br/>12.2. Factors That Influence Mass Wasting<br/>12.2a. Slope Angle<br/>12.2b. Weathering and Climate<br/>12.2c. Water Content<br/>12.2d. Vegetation<br/>12.2e. Overloading<br/>12.2f. Geology and Slope Stability<br/>12.2g. Triggering Mechanisms<br/>12.3. Types of Mass Wasting<br/>12.3a. Falls<br/>12.3b. Slides<br/>12.3c. Flows<br/>12.3d. Complex Movements<br/>12.4. Recognizing and Minimizing the Effects of Mass Wasting<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 13. Running Water<br/>13.1. Introduction<br/>13.2. Water on Earth<br/>13.2a. The Hydrologic Cycle<br/>13.2b. Fluid Flow<br/>13.3. Running Water<br/>13.3a. Sheet Flow and Channel Flow<br/>13.3b. Stream Gradient<br/>13.3c. Stream Velocity and Discharge<br/>13.4. Running Water, Erosion, and Sediment Transport<br/>13.5. Deposition by Running Water<br/>13.5a. The Deposits of Braided Streams<br/>13.5b. Meandering Streams and Their Deposits<br/>13.5c. Floodplain Deposits<br/>13.5d. Deltas<br/>13.5e. Alluvial Fans<br/>13.6. Flood Control and Prediction<br/>13.7. Drainage Systems<br/>13.7a. The Significance of Base Level<br/>13.7b. Graded Streams<br/>13.8. The Evolution of Valleys<br/>13.8a. Stream Terraces<br/>13.8b. Incised Meanders<br/>13.8c. Superposed Streams<br/>13.9. Valley Development – A Summary<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 14. Groundwater<br/>14.1. Introduction<br/>14.2. Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle<br/>14.3. Porosity and Permeability<br/>14.4. The Water Table<br/>14.5. Groundwater Movement<br/>14.6. Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems<br/>14.6a. Springs<br/>14.6b. Water Wells<br/>14.6c. Artesian Systems<br/>14.7. Groundwater Erosion and Deposition<br/>14.7a. Sinkholes and Karst Topography<br/>14.7b. Caves and Cave Deposits<br/>14.8. Modifications of the Groundwater System and Its Effects<br/>14.8a. Lowering the Water Table<br/>14.8b. Saltwater Intrusion<br/>14.8c. Subsidence<br/>14.8d. Groundwater Contamination<br/>14.8e. Groundwater Quality<br/>14.9. Hydrothermal Activity<br/>14.9a. Hot Springs<br/>14.9b. Geysers<br/>14.9c. Geothermal Energy<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 15. Glaciers and Glaciation<br/>15.1. Introduction<br/>15.2. Glaciers and Glaciation<br/>15.2a. Glaciers—Part of the Hydrologic Cycle<br/>15.2b. Glacial Formation and Movement<br/>15.2c. Distribution of Glaciers<br/>15.3. Types of Glaciers<br/>15.3a. Valley Glaciers<br/>15.3b. Continental Glaciers and Ice Caps<br/>15.4. The Glacial Budget—Accumulation and Wastage<br/>15.4a. How Fast Do Glaciers Move?<br/>15.4b. Glacial Surges<br/>15.5. Glacial Erosion and Transport<br/>15.5a. Erosion by Valley Glaciers<br/>15.5b. Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms<br/>15.6. Glacial Deposits<br/>15.6a. Glacial Drift<br/>15.6b. Landforms Composed of Till<br/>15.6c. Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift<br/>15.6d. Glacial Lake Deposits<br/>15.7. The Ice Age<br/>15.7a. Pleistocene Climates<br/>15.7b. Pluvial and Proglacial Lakes<br/>15.7c. Glaciation and Changes in Sea Level<br/>15.7d. Glaciers and Isostasy<br/>15.8. What Causes Ice Ages?<br/>15.8a. The Milankovitch Theory<br/>15.8b. Short-Term Climatic Events<br/>15.9. Glaciers Today<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 16. The Work of Wind and Deserts<br/>16.1. Introduction<br/>16.2. Sediment Transport by Wind<br/>16.2a. Bed Load<br/>16.2b. Suspended Load<br/>16.3. Wind Erosion<br/>16.3a. Abrasion<br/>16.3b. Deflation<br/>16.4. Wind Deposits<br/>16.4a. The Formation and Migration of Dunes<br/>16.4b. Dune Types<br/>16.4c. Loess<br/>16.5. Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns<br/>16.6. The Distribution of Deserts<br/>16.7. Characteristics of Deserts<br/>16.7a. Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation<br/>16.7b. Weathering and Soils<br/>16.7c. Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater<br/>16.7d. Wind<br/>16.8. Desert Landforms<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 17. Oceans, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes<br/>17.1. Introduction<br/>17.2. Seawater, Oceanic Circulation, and Seafloor Sediments<br/>17.2a. Seawater—Its Composition<br/>17.2b. Oceanic Circulation<br/>17.2c. Seafloor Sediments<br/>17.3. Tides, Waves, and Nearshore Currents<br/>17.3a. Tides<br/>17.3b. Waves<br/>17.3c. Nearshore Currents<br/>17.4. Shoreline Erosion<br/>17.4a. Wave-Cut Platforms<br/>17.4b. Sea Caves, Sea Arches, and Sea Stacks<br/>17.5. Shoreline Deposition<br/>17.5a. Beaches<br/>17.5b. Seasonal Changes in Beaches<br/>17.5c. Spits, Baymouth Bars, and Tombolos<br/>17.5d. Barrier Islands<br/>17.6. The Nearshore Sediment Budget<br/>17.7. Types of Coasts<br/>17.7a. Depositional and Erosional Coasts<br/>17.7b. Submergent and Emergent Coasts<br/>17.8. The Perils of Living along a Shoreline<br/>17.8a. Storm Waves and Coastal Flooding<br/>17.8b. Coastal Management as Sea Level Rises<br/>17.9. Resources from the Oceans<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Chapter 18. Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles<br/>18.1. Introduction<br/>18.2. How Geologic Time Is Measured<br/>18.3. Early Concepts of Geologic Time and Earth’s Age<br/>18.4. James Hutton and the Recognition of Geologic Time<br/>18.5. Relative Dating Methods<br/>18.5a. Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating<br/>18.5b. Unconformities<br/>18.5c. Applying the Principles of Relative Dating<br/>18.6. Correlating Rock Units<br/>18.6a. Subsurface Correlation<br/>18.7. Numerical Dating Methods<br/>18.7a. Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives<br/>18.7b. Sources of Uncertainty<br/>18.7c. Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs<br/>18.7d. Other Radioactive Isotope Pairs<br/>18.7e. Fission-Track Dating<br/>18.7f. Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating<br/>18.8. Development of the Geologic Time Scale<br/>18.9. Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Terminology<br/>18.10. Geologic Time and Climate Change<br/>Key Concepts Review<br/>Important Terms<br/>Review Questions<br/>What Would You Do?<br/>Appendix A. English-Metric Conversion Chart<br/>Appendix B. Mineral Identification Tables<br/> 
<br/><br/> Physical Geology: Investigating Earth<br/>The overarching goal of Physical Geology: Investigating Earth is to provide students with a basic understanding of geology and its processes and, most importantly, with an understanding of how geology relates to the human experience, that is, how geology affects individuals, society, and nation-states. 
<br/><br/><label>ISBN: </label>9780357730690 0357730690 9780357730706 0357730704 
<br/><br/><label>Nat. Bib. No.: </label>GBC222620  bnb 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>Physical geology.
<br/><br/><label>Dewey Class. No.: </label>550