TY - BOOK AU - Shiraev,Eric TI - Personality: theories and applications SN - 9781071857182 AV - BF698 .S51648 2024 U1 - 155.2 23/eng/20230907 PY - 2024///] CY - Thousand Oaks PB - SAGE KW - Personality N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; Preface Acknowledgements About the Author Part I Foundations Chapter 1 Introducing Personality Who Are You as a Person? Identifying Personality Explaining the Definition and Asking Questions Three Principles Explaining Personality Personality’s Dichotomies Personality Is Unique and Typical Personality Features Can Be Central and Peripheral Personality Is Stable and Evolving Personality Can Be Viewed as “Normal” and “Abnormal” Personality Is Rooted in Nature and Nurture Personality Refers to Body and Mind Personality Is Active and Reactive Approaching Personality Four Types of Knowledge Scientific Knowledge Popular Beliefs Values Legal Knowledge How Different Types of Knowledge Interact Knowledge and Theory Personality Theories and Academic Traditions Applying Knowledge About Personality Areas of Application Steps in Applying Knowledge The Individual Context The Interpersonal Context The Global Context Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 2 Scientific Foundations to Study Personality Science and the Scientific Method Contributions to the Study of Personality Genetics Some Personality Features Are Inherited Genes and the Environment Interact Neuroscience Brain Activities Are Associated With Specific Behaviors The Nervous System Interacts With the Environment Evolutionary Science Evolutionary Factors Social Behavior Social Sciences The Economics Dimension Social Science and Typology The Humanities Personality Psychology Learns From Studying Philosophy Personality Psychology Learns From Studying Religion Arts  Describing Encouraging New Reflections Affecting an Individual’s Personality How Do We Apply Knowledge? Applying Knowledge to Self Know Yourself Improve Yourself Strive for Happiness Applying Knowledge to Others Help People Understand the Sources of Their Problems Applying Knowledge to the World Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 3 Research Methods Personality Research Methods Observation Self-Reports Experiments Content Analysis Projective Methods Mixed and Holistic Methods How Do We Prepare and Conduct Research? Reviewing Your Sources Describing Your Goals Formulating Hypotheses Choosing a Sample Choosing Specific Methods Being Aware of Biases Checking Reliability and Validity Analyzing Your Data Scales Correlation Factor Analysis Applying Critical Thinking to Research Methods Distinguish Facts From Opinions Describe, Not Prescribe Do Not Always See Correlation as Causation Look for Multiple Causes Critically Compare Recognize Continuous and Dichotomous Variables Be Aware of Possible Ethnocentrism Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Part II Psychological Traditions Chapter 4 Psychoanalytic Tradition The Essence of the Psychoanalytic Tradition Social and Cultural Contexts Key Assumptions Discussing Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Human Desires Are Repressed The Id, the Ego, and the Superego Developmental Stages Views of Women Studying Anna Freud’s Views Studying Alfred Adler’s Views Organ Inferiority and Its Consequences Self-Ideal Social Interest Studying Carl Jung’s Views Collective Unconscious and Archetypes Psychological Types Criticisms of Ethnocentrism Summarizing the Psychoanalytic Tradition Applying the Psychoanalytic Tradition Understanding Self Helping Others: Therapy Applying to Art Applying to Neuroscience Applying to Political Behavior Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 5 The Behavioral-Learning Tradition The Behavioral-Learning Tradition Understanding Personality by Studying Animal Behavior Anthropomorphism Social Instincts Learning Laws Studying Reflexes Reflexology and Personality Conditioned Reflexes Types of Personality and the Nervous System Watson: Studying and Applying Behaviorism Habit Formation Habit Disturbances: Abnormal Behavior and Deviance Studying Behavior From Different Angles Optimistic Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner From Animals to Humans Social Engineering Social Learning Theory What Behaviorism Accomplished and What It Missed Applying the Behavioral-Learning Tradition Behavioral Economics Nudging Coping With Traumatic Events Behavior Therapy Education Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 6 The Trait Tradition The Trait Approach Ancient Philosophies Further Research in Philosophy and Psychology Trait Theorists and Perspectives Gordon Allport Raymond Cattell Hans Eysenck The Big Five Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Humanities and Personality Traits A Cross-Cultural Approach to Personality Traits Applying the Trait Tradition Marriage and Individual Traits Which Personality Traits Are Most Important to Employers? Politics Do “Stupid” People Have Certain Traits? Are There Criminal Traits? Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 7 The Cognitive Tradition The Psychology Roots of the Cognitive Tradition An Era of Introspection Studying the Self The Gestalt Tradition Field Theory Cognitive Science Psychology and Cognitive Science Cognitive Neuroscience Computer Science Philosophy and Consciousness Further Studies Studies of Attitudes Attitude Accessibility Attitude Balance Attitude Dissonance Attribution The Personal Constructs Approach Culture and the Self Perceiving the Self Self-Esteem Culture and Identity Literature and the Inner World Applying the Cognitive Tradition Cognitive Therapy “Applied” Spirituality Gambling Fallacies Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 8 The Humanistic Tradition The Humanistic Tradition: Social Contexts The Essence of Humanistic Tradition The Critical Aspect The Positive Aspect Principles of Humanistic Psychology Five Theoretical Principles Methods and Humanistic Psychology Existential Psychology Rollo May and Existential Psychology Anxiety and Personality Abraham Maslow and Humanistic Psychology Hierarchy of Needs Self-Actualization The Autotelic Personality Humanistic Tradition and Activism Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach Positive Psychology Studying Happiness Critical Assessments of Happiness Approaches The Humanistic View Accomplishments and Limitations of the Humanistic Tradition Accomplishments Shortcomings Applying the Humanistic Tradition Psychotherapy Existential Therapy Client-Centered Therapy Care With Dignity Life and Death Decisions Hospice Care Holistic Health Movement Peace Psychology and Public Diplomacy Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Part III Personality Domains Chapter 9 The Developmental Domain The Essence of the Developmental Domain Nature and Nurture Interact Quality of Life Is Essential Global Changes Affect the Individual Developmental Stages Classifications of Stages Is There a Midlife Crisis? Earlier Stages Affect Later Ones Stability and Change: Consistency and Openness Models Persistence and Change A Life-Changing Experience Studying the Developmental Domain An Individual’s Development and Life Sciences Cross-Cultural Approach Erik Erikson’s Tradition Laurence Kohlberg’s Tradition Jean Piaget’s Developmental Approach Stages of Development Lev Vygotsky’s Developmental Approach Specific Traits Applying the Developmental Domain Developmental Factors and Suicide Personality Traits Age Factors Crime as a Developmental Problem The “Child” Personality? Education: Discipline Versus Freedom Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 10 The Gender Domain The Essence of the Gender Domain The Sexes and the Intersex Gender as a Social Construct Gender Roles Sexual Orientation Key Approaches to Studying Gender Traditional Views of the Sexes Evolving Views of the Sexes Genetics, Anatomy, and Neurophysiology Evolutionary Theories Societal Practices Traditional Views of Gender Ambivalent Prejudice Gender Discrimination in Psychology Functional Inequality Evolving Views of Gender Gender Studies Feminism Comparative Research The Variability Hypothesis The Gender Similarities Hypothesis Evolving Views on Gender Roles Traditional Views of Sexual Orientation An Evolution of Legal Knowledge Evolving Views of Sexual Orientation Transvestism, Cross-Dressing, or … ? Applying the Gender Domain LGBTQ+ Psychology Reducing Gender Stereotypes Overcoming Sexism Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 11 The Clinical Domain The Essence of the Clinical Domain Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology On “Normal” and “Abnormal” Personality Medicalization of Personality Features The Stigma of Mental Illness Diagnosing Personality Disorders Factors Contributing to Diagnosis Classification and Description of Personality Disorders Cluster: Odd Behavior Paranoid Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Cluster: Dramatic Behavior Histrionic Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Cluster: Anxious Behavior Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Etiology of Personality Disorders The Biomedical Perspective The Psychoanalytic Tradition The Behavioral-Learning Tradition The Cognitive Tradition The Trait Tradition The Cross-Cultural Approach Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity Applying Knowledge to the Clinical Domain Treatment of Personality Disorders Suicide Prevention Criminal Justice Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 12 Personality: The Adjustment Domain The Essence of Adjustment and Coping Why Individuals Cope Areas of Change Requiring Coping and Adjustment Aging  Physical Illness Changes in the Family Professional Changes Changes in Personal Relationships Immigration Significant Social Changes Types of Coping and Adjustment The Individual The Stressor Outcomes of Coping and Adjustment Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits Traits That Negatively Affect the Coping Process Identifying Adaptive Coping Strategies Identifying Maladaptive Strategies Denial Ruminative Strategies Learned Helplessness Applying The Adjustment Domain Coping With Serious Illness Fighting Alcoholism Relaxation Techniques Overcoming Acculturative Stress Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Chapter 13 The Digital Domain The Essence of the Digital Domain Digital Personality Footprints The Digital Personality Continuum The Reflector The Amplifier The Transformer The Separator Privacy Reputation The Troll Applying the Digital Domain Digital Defenses: Managing Privacy and Reputation Digital Footprints and Social Behavior Digital Companionship Summary Visual Review Key Terms Evaluating What You Know A Bridge to the Next Chapter Part IV Conclusion Chapter 14 Personality Psychology in the 2030s Case 1: “Hacking” Living Cells for a Good Cause Fiction, Reality, or Something in Between? Possible Research 10 Years From Now: “Hacking” Living Cells to Change Personality Traits Questions Case 2: Understanding Multimorbidity Fiction, Reality, or Something in Between? Possible Research 10 Years From Now: Understanding Psychological Multimorbidity Questions Case 3: Height, Mind, and Self-Esteem Fiction, Reality, or Something in Between? Possible Research 10 Years From Now: Matching Self-Esteem and Social Perception Questions Summing up Glossary References Index N2 - "The new Second Edition of Personality: Theories and Applications is organized around three general questions about personality psychology: What are the basic facts and ideas? How do we study them? How do we apply them now? These three organizing questions provide a consistent focus throughout the book, as Shiraev explores the foundations of personality psychology, its core theories, and its domains of application. Coverage of classical and contemporary systems of thought is both chronological and comprehensive and situates personality psychology within an interdisciplinary and global context, highlighting this diverse, cross-cultural, and cross-national field. A new chapter on the digital domain of personality showcases the author's expertise in reputation management and presents students with a highly relevant and engaging application of personality psychology today"-- ER -