TY - BOOK AU - Klessova,Svetlana TI - ICT policy, research, and innovation: perspectives and prospects for EU-US collaboration T2 - IEEE Press series on technology management, innovation, and leadership SN - 9781119632481 AV - T49.5 U1 - 338.9/26 23 PY - 2021///] CY - Hoboken, New Jersey PB - Wiley/IEEE Press KW - Technology and state KW - International cooperation KW - Information technology KW - Research KW - Telecommunication policy KW - Government policy KW - European Union countries KW - United States KW - Electronic books N1 - Includes bibliographical references and index; Table of Contents List of Contributors xviii Editor Biographies xx Acknowledgments xxi List of Acronyms xxiv A Note from the Series Editor 1 1 Collaboration in a Globally Networked Knowledge Society 3 Svetlana Klessova, Maarten Botterman, Jonathan Cave, and Sebastian Engell 1.1 ICT Topics in Focus 6 1.1.1 5G 6 1.1.2 Internet of Things 7 1.1.3 Cyber-Physical Systems 7 1.1.4 Big Data 8 1.1.5 Cybersecurity 8 1.2 The Policy Aspect 9 1.3 International Collaborations – EU–US Partnerships 11 1.4 About this Volume 14 References 19 2 Industrial Drivers, Barriers, and Societal Needs: EU and US Perspectives 21 Haydn Thompson, Daniela Ramos-Hernandez, and Christian Sonntag 2.1 Introduction and Overview 21 2.2 Industrial Drivers and Societal Needs 23 2.2.1 Smart Cities 23 2.2.1.1 Landscape Analysis 23 2.2.1.2 Industry Interviews 24 2.2.2 Smart Energy and Smart Grid 26 2.2.2.1 Landscape Analysis 26 2.2.2.2 Industry Interviews 28 2.2.3 Smart Transportation 31 2.2.3.1 Automotive and Road 32 2.2.3.2 Rail 35 2.2.3.3 Aerospace 36 2.2.3.4 Maritime 38 2.2.4 Automation 40 2.2.5 Diagnostics and Plant Monitoring 42 2.2.6 Information Technology 43 2.2.7 Wireless and Telecommunications 44 2.2.8 Software Development and Tools 46 2.2.9 Research Organizations and Networks 47 2.2.10 Standardization 48 2.2.11 Recruitment 49 2.2.12 Summary of Key Recommendations 50 2.3 Barriers 51 2.3.1 Cross-Cutting Barriers 51 2.3.1.1 Structural Differences in Funding Environments 51 2.3.1.2 Administrative Overhead and Legal Barriers 52 2.3.1.3 Lack of Clarity of the Benefits of EU–US Collaboration 53 2.3.1.4 Restrictions due to Intellectual Property Protection 54 2.3.1.5 Lack of Joint EU–US Funding Mechanisms and Policies 55 2.3.1.6 Export Control and Privacy Restrictions 55 2.3.1.7 Lack of Awareness and Knowledge 56 2.3.1.8 Lack of Interoperability and Standards 56 2.3.2 Barriers in Smart Cities 56 2.3.3 Barriers in Smart Energy and the Smart Grid 57 2.3.4 Barriers in Smart Transportation 58 2.3.5 Barriers for Large and Small Companies 60 2.4 Concluding Remarks 60 References 61 3 Research and Innovation Programs as a Mechanism to Support Collaborative Efforts 63 Svetlana Klessova, Tariq Samad, Margot Bezzi, and Marta Calderaro 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 EU Research and Innovation FP 64 3.2.1 Coupling Research and Innovation 64 3.2.2 Collaborative, Interorganizational Projects 65 3.2.3 ICT Priorities and Opportunities in H2020 67 3.2.4 The FP 2021–2027: Horizon Europe 69 3.3 EU–US Collaboration in H2020 70 3.3.1 The EU–US Research and Innovation Collaboration Framework 70 3.3.2 US Participation in the EU Research and Innovation FPs 71 3.3.3 US Industry Participation in the EU ICT-Related Work Programme 71 3.4 US Programs for Collaborative Research 75 3.4.1 The Federal RDI Funding Landscape 75 3.4.2 National Science Foundation (NSF) 76 3.4.3 National Institutes of Health (NIH) 78 3.4.4 Department of Defense (DoD) 79 3.4.5 Department of Energy (DoE) 80 3.4.6 NITRD: A Programmatic Umbrella Covering ICT 81 3.5 Conclusion 82 3.6 Annex 1: About the PICASSO Project 84 References 87 4 International Context and the Specific Value of EU–US Collaboration 89 Jonathan Cave and Maarten Botterman 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Advantages of EU–US Collaboration 90 4.2.1 General Aspects 90 4.2.2 Collaboration Along Technology, Market, and Policy Life Cycles 92 4.2.3 Specific Activities to Foster Collaboration 92 4.3 Overview 94 4.3.1 A Summary of Challenges and Opportunities 94 4.3.2 EU–US Comparisons 94 4.3.2.1 A Bit of History 94 4.3.2.2 The Difficulty of Meaningful Comparisons 103 4.3.3 Differences and Cooperation 103 4.4 Collaborative Research and Innovation Priorities and Barriers 103 4.4.1 EU and US Priorities 103 4.4.2 Barriers to Policy-driven R&I Collaboration 104 References 108 5 Challenges and Potential for EU–US Collaboration at the Intersection of the Internet of Things and Cyber-physical Systems 111 Christian Sonntag, Sebastian Engell, and Tariq Samad 5.1 Introduction 111 5.1.1 Internet of Things-Enabled Cyber-physical Systems 111 5.1.2 Objectives of this Chapter 113 5.2 R&I Priorities in the European Union and the United States 114 5.2.1 Cross-Domain Drivers and Needs 115 5.2.2 Enabling Technologies 115 5.2.3 Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) 116 5.2.3.1 R&I Priorities in the European Union 117 5.2.3.2 R&I Priorities in the United States 119 5.2.4 The Internet of Things (IoT) 121 5.2.4.1 R&I Priorities in the European Union 122 5.2.4.2 R&I Priorities in the United States 123 5.2.5 Application Sectors: Drivers and Needs 124 5.2.5.1 Smart Production 124 5.2.5.2 Smart Cities 126 5.2.5.3 Smart Energy 126 5.2.5.4 Smart Transportation 127 5.2.6 Synthesis of the Findings 128 5.3 Technology Themes for EU–US Collaboration 133 5.3.1 Autonomy and Humans in the Loop 134 5.3.1.1 R&I Topics 134 5.3.1.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 134 5.3.1.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 134 5.3.2 Model-based Systems Engineering 135 5.3.2.1 R&I Topics 135 5.3.2.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 135 5.3.2.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 135 5.3.3 Trust, (Cyber-)Security, Robustness, Resilience, and Safety 135 5.3.3.1 R&I Topics 135 5.3.3.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 136 5.3.3.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 136 5.3.4 Integration, Interoperability, Flexibility, and Reconfiguration 136 5.3.4.1 R&I Topics 136 5.3.4.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 136 5.3.4.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 136 5.3.5 Situational Awareness, Diagnostics, and Prognostics 137 5.3.5.1 R&I Topics 137 5.3.5.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 137 5.3.5.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 137 5.3.6 Closing the Loop in IoT-enabled CPS 137 5.3.6.1 R&I Topics 137 5.3.6.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 137 5.3.6.3 Relevance to Application Sectors 137 5.4 Key Recommendations: Enabling EU–US Collaboration for IoT-Enabled CPS 138 5.4.1 Joint EU–US Knowledge Exchange Initiative 139 5.4.2 Joint NSF–EC Program on Autonomous IoT-enabled CPS in Horizon Europe 140 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 141 References 142 6 Challenges and Potential for EU–US Collaboration in 5G and Beyond Networks 145 Yaning Zou, Gerhard Fettweis, Amitava Ghosh, Glenn Ricart, Matti Latva-Aho, and Lucas Scheuvens 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 R&I Priorities of 5G Networks in the European Union and the United States 146 6.2.1 Cross-domain Drivers and Needs 146 6.2.2 5G and its Enabling Technologies 147 6.2.3 R&I Priorities in the European Union 148 6.2.4 R&I Priorities in the United States 150 6.2.5 Vertical Sectors: Drivers and Needs 152 6.2.5.1 Automotive and Transportation 152 6.2.5.2 Industrial Automation 153 6.2.5.3 Health 154 6.2.5.4 Energy 155 6.2.6 EU–US Research Collaboration in 5G Network 155 6.3 5G Beyond and Technology Themes for EU–US Collaboration 157 6.3.1 Connecting the Last Billions in Unserved Areas 159 6.3.1.1 R&I Topics 159 6.3.1.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 159 6.3.2 Wireless Premises Networks 159 6.3.2.1 R&I Topics 159 6.3.2.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 159 6.3.3 mmWave Technology Beyond 5G 160 6.3.3.1 R&I Topics 160 6.3.3.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 160 6.3.4 Spectrum Farming and Harmonization 160 6.3.4.1 R&I Topics 160 6.3.4.2 Why EU–US Collaboration? 161 6.4 Fostering EU–US Collaboration for 5G Beyond: Strategies and Key Recommendations 161 6.4.1 Collaboration Strategies in the 5G Beyond Domain 161 6.4.2 Collaboration Opportunities in the 5G Beyond Domain 162 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 163 References 164 7 Big Data Policies and Priorities: A Comparison Between the European Union and United States and Opportunities for Collaboration 165 Vasileios Papanikolaou, Nikos Sarris, Florence D. Hudson, Lea A. Shanley, Andrew S. Hoffman, and Christine R. Kirkpatrick 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 R&I Priorities in the European States and the United States 166 7.2.1 Big Data Technology Enablers 166 7.2.2 EU Priorities and R&I Landscape 167 7.2.2.1 The EU Big Data Strategy 168 7.2.2.2 EU R&I Priorities 168 7.2.3 US Priorities and R&I Landscape 169 7.2.3.1 The US Big Data Strategy 171 7.2.3.2 The American Artificial Intelligence Initiative 172 7.2.3.3 US Research and Innovation Priorities 172 7.2.4 Postgraduate Education on Big Data 176 7.2.5 Application Sectors 177 7.2.5.1 EU Key Application Sectors 177 7.2.5.2 US Application Sectors 178 7.2.6 Conclusions 179 7.2.6.1 Similarities and Differences at the Design and at the Implementation Level 179 7.2.6.2 Similarities and Differences in Big Data Technology and Application Domains between the European States and the United States 180 7.3 Fostering EU–US Collaboration for Big Data: Opportunities and Key Recommendations 181 7.3.1 Collaboration Opportunities 181 7.3.1.1 Big Data Ecosystem Opportunities 182 7.3.1.2 Standardization and Regulation 183 7.3.1.3 Opportunities in Education and Workforce Development 183 7.3.1.4 Big Data for Smart Cities 183 7.3.1.5 Big Data and the Environment–Food–Energy–Water Nexus 184 7.3.1.6 Big Data for Better Health 184 7.3.2 Key Recommendations for Enhancing EU–US Collaboration in Big Data Technologies 185 7.3.2.1 Big Data EU–US Task Force for Enhancing Collaboration 185 7.3.2.2 Joint R&D Projects under the Horizon Europe Umbrella 186 7.4 Conclusions and Outlook 186 7.4.1 Summary of Recommendations 187 References 188 8 Cybersecurity and Privacy 191 Jim Clarke, Fabio Martinelli, Artsiom Yautsiukhin, Claudio Caimi, Alberto Terzi, Silviya Nonova, Camille E. Sailer, Jody Serrano, and Yolanda Ursa 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Landscape of Cybersecurity in Europe and the United States 192 8.2.1 EU Cybersecurity and Privacy Strategy 192 8.2.1.1 NIS Public–Private Platform (NIS Platform) 192 8.2.1.2 Contractual Public–Private Partnership (cPPP) 192 8.2.1.3 EU Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy 193 8.2.1.4 European Agenda on Security 193 8.2.1.5 Digital Single Market Strategy 193 8.2.2 US Cybersecurity and Privacy Strategy 193 8.2.2.1 Federal Cybersecurity Research and Development Strategic Plan 194 8.2.2.2 National Privacy Research Strategy (NPRS) 195 8.2.2.3 International Strategy for Cyberspace 195 8.3 Priority Areas for EU–US Collaboration in R&I in CSP 195 8.3.1 Cybersecurity Research Domains 197 8.3.2 Applications and Technologies 198 8.3.3 Sectors 198 8.3.4 Expert Analysis of Our Ranking 199 8.3.4.1 Cybersecurity Research Domains 199 8.3.4.2 Applications and Technologies 199 8.3.4.3 Sectors 200 8.3.5 Recommended Focus Sectors for Transatlantic Cooperation 200 8.3.5.1 Finance 200 8.3.5.2 Health Care 200 8.3.5.3 Maritime 200 8.3.6 Summary of the Analysis of the Three Focus Sectors 201 8.4 Innovation Partnerships in CSP 203 8.4.1 Strategy 203 8.4.2 Multidisciplinary Approach 206 8.4.3 Resilience 206 8.4.4 Governance 206 8.4.5 Cooperation and Sharing 206 8.4.6 Reputation 206 8.4.7 Innovation 207 8.5 Cybersecurity Policies Enabling EU–US Collaboration 207 8.5.1 Standards and Certification 207 8.5.1.1 EU Policies 207 8.5.1.2 US Policies 208 8.5.2 Public–Private Information Sharing 209 8.5.2.1 EU Policies 209 8.5.2.2 US Policies 210 8.6 Recommendations for EU–US Collaboration 210 8.7 Conclusions 212 References 214 9 The Next Generation Internet Initiative 217 Glenn Ricart, Jose Gonzalez, Vasilis Papanikolaou, Hubert Santer, Fabrice Clari, Nikos Sarris, Peter Van Daele, and Wouter Tavernier 9.1 Introduction 217 9.1.1 Technologies and Applications for an Internet of Humans 219 9.1.1.1 Key Application Areas 221 9.1.2 Drivers and Impediments for a Global DSM 221 9.2 Transatlantic Cooperation on NGI 224 9.2.1 State of Collaboration 224 9.2.2 NGI in the United States 226 9.2.2.1 Digital Policies in the United States 227 9.2.3 Funding Mechanisms and Opportunities 229 9.2.3.1 Europe 229 9.2.3.2 United States 230 9.2.4 Initiatives Supporting EU–US Collaboration on NGI 232 9.2.4.1 Transatlantic NGI Projects 232 9.2.4.2 US Clusters and Innovation Hubs 236 9.2.4.3 Initiatives Developing NGI Technologies 238 9.3 Think NEXUS to Support the Transatlantic NGI Alliance 239 9.3.1 Think NEXUS US Workshop 2019 241 9.3.1.1 Science and Technology Expert Group 241 9.3.1.2 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Expert Group 243 9.3.1.3 Policy Expert Group 247 9.4 Conclusions 249 References 251 10 Privacy and Data Protection Issues 255 Maarten Botterman and Jonathan Cave 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 EU and US Policy Frameworks 256 10.3 Differences in Legal Status of Privacy 257 10.3.1 Europe: GDPR 258 10.3.2 The United States: Case Law Based on the Constitution 259 10.3.3 The EU/US Agreement Privacy Shield 261 10.4 ICT Development Impacts 261 10.4.1 5G Networks 262 10.4.2 Big Data 263 10.4.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 265 10.5 Conclusions 266 References 270 11 Information and Communication Technology Security Issues 273 Jonathan Cave, Maarten Botterman, and Dave Farber 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 The Technical Situation 274 11.3 The Policy Situation 276 11.3.1 Cybersecurity Risk Cannot be “Minimized” 276 11.3.2 Trust Cannot be “Maximized” 277 11.3.3 Trust and Security are Both Real and Imagined 277 11.3.4 The International Dimension 278 11.3.5 Simplistic Approaches to a Complex Problem 280 11.3.5.1 Data and Its Uses and Abuses 280 11.3.5.2 Definitional Issues 282 11.3.5.3 Identification and Authentication 282 11.3.5.4 Data and Processing Integrity and Quality 285 11.3.5.5 Cybercrime and Cyber-enhanced Crime 287 11.3.5.6 Encryption 288 11.3.5.7 A Dialogue Between Technology and Policy 290 11.4 New ICT Developments Impacts 292 11.4.1 5G Networks 292 11.4.2 Big Data 294 11.4.2.1 The Scope of the Issue 294 11.4.2.2 The Accessibility of Big Data 295 11.4.2.3 Data Analytics and AI as Cybersecurity Tools 295 11.4.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 296 11.5 Possible Ways Forward 297 11.6 Conclusions 299 11.6.1 5G Networks 299 11.6.2 Big Data 300 11.6.3 IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems 300 11.6.4 Operational Conclusions 301 References 305 12 Standardization Issues 309 Maarten Botterman, Jonathan Cave, and Avri Doria 12.1 Introduction 309 12.1.1 How ICT Dynamics Affect Standards 310 12.1.2 Implications of Convergence 310 12.1.3 Convergence Is Not Inevitable 311 12.2 Standardization as a Collaborative and Competitive Activity 311 12.2.1 Why Address Standards Setting Now? 312 12.3 Drivers of ICT Standardization 313 12.3.1 Social Drivers 314 12.3.2 Technology Drivers 315 12.3.3 Economic Drivers 316 12.4 Standards Development in Practice 316 12.4.1 Permissionless Innovation 317 12.4.2 Open Standards 317 12.4.3 The Role of Standards Organizations 318 12.4.4 The Role of Governments 318 12.4.4.1 EU Perspective 319 12.4.4.2 US Perspective 320 12.5 Standardization: Focus on Technology Domains 320 12.5.1 5G Networks 320 12.5.2 Big Data 323 12.5.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 324 12.6 Perspectives Towards the Future 325 12.7 Conclusions 327 References 328 13 Spectrum Issues 331 Jonathan Cave 13.1 Introduction 331 13.1.1 Challenges to Existing Spectrum Policies 333 13.1.2 Implications for Research into Wireless Technologies and Services 333 13.1.2.1 Example: 2.6 GHz Spectrum Auction 334 13.1.3 Availability of Spectrum for Research Purposes 334 13.2 Technology-specific Spectrum Issues 334 13.2.1 5G Networks 334 13.2.1.1 Specific Issues (Tentative) 335 13.2.2 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 337 13.2.3 Big Data 339 13.2.3.1 Big Data Traffic Flows over the Electromagnetic Spectrum 339 13.2.3.2 Use of Data Analytics to Allocate Rights and Manage Spectrum Use 340 13.3 Perspectives Towards the Future 340 13.4 Conclusions 341 13.5 Annex A: Some Comments on IoT and CPS from the Spectrum Perspective 342 13.5.1 Internet of Things 342 13.5.2 Cyber-physical Systems 343 13.5.3 Link to Spectrum 343 13.6 Annex B: TV White Space (TVWS) 344 References 346 14 Digital Communities and EU–US ICT Development Collaboration 349 Glenn Ricart, Maarten Botterman, and Jonathan Cave 14.1 Why Focus on Digital Communities? 349 14.1.1 What are Communities? 350 14.1.2 The Effect of “Digitization” 350 14.2 Relation to Other Key Policy Issues 353 14.2.1 Privacy and Data Protection 354 14.2.2 ICT Security 354 14.2.3 ICT Standards 355 14.2.4 Spectrum 355 14.3 Digital Communities, Impacted 356 14.3.1 5G Networks 356 14.3.2 Big Data 357 14.3.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 357 14.4 Perspectives Towards the Future 358 14.5 Conclusions 360 References 362 15 Opening Towards a New Reality, Together 365 Maarten Botterman and Jonathan Cave 15.1 Introduction 365 15.1.1 Case for Collaboration 366 15.1.2 Most-relevant Issues 367 15.2 Policy Challenges for ICT R&I Collaboration 368 15.3 Privacy and Data Protection 368 15.3.1 Context 368 15.3.1.1 Differences in Legal Status of Privacy 369 15.3.2 ICT Development Impacts 370 15.3.2.1 5G Networks 370 15.3.2.2 Big Data 371 15.3.2.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-physical Systems 372 15.3.3 Privacy and Data Protection Conclusions 372 15.4 Security 372 15.4.1 Context 373 15.4.1.1 The Technical Situation 373 15.4.1.2 The Policy Situation 374 15.4.2 ICT Development Impacts 377 15.4.2.1 5G Networks 377 15.4.2.2 Big Data 378 15.4.2.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 379 15.4.3 Security Conclusions 379 15.5 Standards 380 15.5.1 Context 380 15.5.1.1 How ICT Dynamics Affect Standards 380 15.5.1.2 Implications of Convergence 381 15.5.1.3 Convergence is Not Inevitable 381 15.5.1.4 Standardization as a Collaborative and Competitive Activity 382 15.5.2 Standards Development in Practice 383 15.5.2.1 Permissionless Innovation 384 15.5.2.2 Open Standards 384 15.5.3 ICT Development Impacts 384 15.5.3.1 5G Networks 384 15.5.3.2 Big Data 385 15.5.3.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 387 15.5.4 Standards Conclusions 387 15.6 Spectrum 389 15.6.1 Context 389 15.6.1.1 Challenges to Existing Spectrum Policies 390 15.6.1.2 Implications for Radio Technology and Service R&I 391 15.6.1.3 Spectrum Availability for Research Purposes 391 15.6.2 ICT Development Impacts 392 15.6.2.1 5G Networks 392 15.6.2.2 Big Data 394 15.6.2.3 Internet of Things/Cyber-Physical Systems 395 15.6.3 Spectrum Conclusions 396 15.7 Future Outlook 397 15.7.1 General Trends 397 15.7.1.1 Overarching Developments 397 15.7.1.2 The Evolving Security Landscape 398 15.7.2 The Role of Communities 399 15.7.2.1 The Future of Digital is Driven by Communities, and Vice Versa 401 15.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 403 15.8.1 General Aspects 403 15.8.1.1 Competition Between Domains 404 15.8.1.2 Coordination Models 404 15.8.2 Key Policy Domains 406 15.8.2.1 Privacy and Data Protection 406 15.8.2.2 ICT Security 408 15.8.2.3 Standardization 409 15.8.2.4 Spectrum 410 15.8.3 Lessons Learned from Digital Communities 411 15.8.4 Strategic Proposals for the Way Forward 412 15.9 Annexes 413 15.9.1 Annex A: Security Considerations 413 15.9.1.1 Data and Its Uses and Abuses 413 15.9.1.2 Definitional Issues 414 15.9.1.3 Identification and Authentication 414 15.9.1.4 Cybercrime and Cyber-Enhanced Crime 414 15.9.1.5 Encryption 415 15.9.1.6 A Dialogue Between Technology and Policy 416 15.9.2 Annex 2: Standards 418 15.9.2.1 Drivers 418 15.9.2.2 Organizational Roles 420 15.9.3 Annex C Spectrum 422 15.9.3.1 IoT and CPS from the Spectrum Perspective 422 15.9.3.2 TV White Space (TVWS) 424 15.9.4 Annex DFuture Developments 425 15.9.4.1 Trends 425 15.9.4.2 Digital Communities Perspectives on Policy and Technology Areas 427 15.9.4.3 How Do Communities Relate to the Three Technical Domains? 429 References 437 Index 439 N2 - "Information and communication technologies (ICT) play crucial roles in responding to global challenges and helping us to develop a shared vision of the type of society in which we wish to live. Sustainable solutions to problems such as energy supply, logistics, health care, security, water and food supply and climate change require multinational cross-functional initiatives in technology, policy, collaboration and innovation. Some nations are already more advanced in devising national solutions, although they are not always those where the adverse impacts of these problems are currently most acute, and many challenges are strongly related to developments across national boundaries"-- UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119632481 ER -