Surface modification of polymers : methods and applications /
edited by Jean Pinson and Damien Thiry.
- 1 online resource (xv, 441 pages) : illustrations (some color)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of Contents Introduction xiii
1 The Surface of Polymers 1 Rosica Mincheva and Jean-Marie Raquez
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Surface of Polymers 2
1.2.1 Definition of a Polymer Surface 2
1.2.2 Factors Determining a Polymer Surface 3
1.2.2.1 Internal Factors 3
1.2.2.2 External Factors 4
1.2.3 The Polymer Surface at a Microscopic Level 11
1.3 Properties of Polymer Surfaces at Interfaces 12
1.3.1 Surface Wettability 13
1.3.2 Surface Thermal Properties 15
1.3.2.1 Surface Tg 15
1.3.2.2 Surface Crystallization 17
1.4 Experimental Methods for Investigating Polymer Surfaces at Interfaces 21
1.5 Conclusions 21
References 21
Part I Gas Phase Methods 31
2 Surface Treatment of Polymers by Plasma 33 Pieter Cools, Laura Astoreca, Parinaz Saadat Esbah Tabaei, Monica Thukkaram, Herbert De Smet, Rino Morent, and Nathalie De Geyter
2.1 Plasma: An Introduction 33
2.1.1 Definition 33
2.1.2 Thermal Versus Nonthermal Plasma 34
2.1.3 The Formation of Nonthermal Plasma 35
2.1.4 Plasma Generation and Operating Conditions 37
2.1.4.1 Different Methods of Plasma Generation 37
2.1.4.2 DC Discharges 38
2.1.4.3 DC Pulsed Discharges 38
2.1.4.4 RF and MW Discharges 38
2.1.4.5 Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) 39
2.1.4.6 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) 40
2.1.4.7 Gliding Arc 41
2.1.5 Nonthermal Plasma for Polymer Surface Treatment 41
2.2 Applications of Plasma Surface Activation of Polymers 43
2.2.1 Adhesion Improvement 43
2.2.2 Packaging and Textile Applications 47
2.2.2.1 Printability Enhancement 47
2.2.2.2 Dyeability Improvement 47
2.2.2.3 Mass Transfer Changes 49
2.2.3 Biomedical Applications 50
2.2.3.1 Inert Synthetic Polymers 50
2.2.3.2 Biodegradable Polymers 53
2.3 Plasma Grafting 56
2.4 Hydrophobic Recovery 59
2.5 Conclusion 61
References 61
3 A Joint Mechanistic Description of Plasma Polymers Synthesized at Low and Atmospheric Pressure 67 Damien Thiry, François Reniers, and Rony Snyders
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Plasma Polymerization 69
3.2.1 Plasma Fundamentals 70
3.2.2 Growth Mechanism 72
3.3 Probing the Plasma Chemistry 83
3.3.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy 84
3.3.2 Mass Spectrometry 87
3.4 Conclusions 96
References 97
4 Organic Surface Functionalization by Initiated CVD (iCVD) 107 Karen K. Gleason
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Mechanistic Principles of iCVD 108
4.3 Functional, Surface Reactive, and Responsive Organic Films Prepared by iCVD 113
4.4 Interfacial Engineering with iCVD: Adhesion and Grafting 127
4.5 Reactors for Synthesizing Organic Films by iCVD 128
4.6 Summary 129
References 130
5 Atomic Layer Deposition and Vapor Phase Infiltration 135 Mark D. Losego and Qing Peng
5.1 Atomic Layer Deposition Versus Vapor Phase Infiltration 135
5.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) on Polymers 138
5.2.1 Chemical Mechanisms of ALD 138
5.2.2 ALD on Polymers with Dense –OH Groups: Cellulose and Poly(vinyl alcohol) 140
9.2 Surface Modification of Polymers with Carbenes and Nitrenes 260
9.2.1 Carbenes 261
9.2.2 Nitrenes 264
9.3 Conclusion 267
References 268
10 Surface Modification of Polymeric Substrates with Photo- and Sonochemically Designed Macromolecular Grafts 273 Fatima Mousli, Youssef Snoussi, Ahmed M. Khalil, Khouloud Jlassi, Ahmed Mekki, and Mohamed M. Chehimi
10.1 Introduction 273
10.1.1 Context 273
10.1.2 Scope of the Chapter 274
10.2 Surface-confined Radical Photopolymerization of Insulating Vinylic and Other Monomers 274
10.2.1 Type I and Type II Photoinitiation Systems 275
10.2.2 Simultaneous Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Free Radical Polymerization Confined to Surfaces 282
10.2.3 Surface-initiated Photoiniferter 284
10.2.4 “Brushing Up from Anywhere” Using Polydopamine Thin Adhesive Coatings 284
10.2.5 Recent Trends in Surface-confined Photopolymerization (CRP) 287
10.3 Surface-confined Photopolymerization of Conjugated Monomers 289
10.3.1 Polypyrrole 290
10.3.1.1 Mechanisms of Photopolymerization of Pyrrole 290
10.3.1.2 Substrates for in Situ Photoinduced Polymerization of Pyrrole and Potential Applications 291
10.3.2 Polyaniline 294
10.3.2.1 Mechanisms of Photopolymerization of Aniline 294
10.3.2.2 Substrates for in Situ Photoinduced Polymerization of Aniline 298
10.4 Surface-confined Sonochemical Polymerization of Conjugated and Vinylic Monomers 298
10.4.1 Insights into Sonochemistry: Origin of the Phenomenon and Mechanism of Polymer Synthesis 298
10.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted Polymerization or Polymer Deposition over Organic Polymeric Substrates 303
10.4.2.1 Sonopolymerization 303
10.4.2.2 Ultrasonic Spray 303
10.4.3 Sonopolymerization over Miscellaneous Types of Surface: Inorganic Polymeric Substrates 305
10.5 Conclusion 306
Acknowledgments 307
References 307
Part IV Applications 317
11 Surface Modification of Nanoparticles: Methods and Applications 319 Gopikrishna Moku, Vijayagopal Raman Gopalsamuthiram, Thomas R. Hoye, and Jayanth Panyam
11.1 Introduction 319
11.2 Polymers Used in the Preparation of Nanoparticles 320
11.3 Common Biodegradable Polymers for Nanoparticle Fabrication 320
11.3.1 Albumin 320
11.3.2 Alginate 320
11.3.2.1 Chitosan 321
11.3.3 Gelatin 322
11.3.4 Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and Polylactide (PLA) 322
11.3.5 Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) 323
11.4 Fabrication of Nanoparticles 323
11.5 Linker Chemistry for Attaching Ligands on Polymeric Nanoparticles 324
11.5.1 Hydrazone Bond Formation 327
11.5.2 Non-covalent Attachment 328
11.6 Surface-functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications 328
11.6.1 Polysaccharides 329
11.6.2 Lipids 329
11.6.3 Aptamers 332
11.6.4 Antibodies 332
11.6.5 Peptides 333
11.6.5.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 334
11.7 Characterization of Surface-modified Nanoparticles 336
11.7.1 Particle Size 336
11.7.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 337
11.7.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 337
11.7.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 339
11.7.5 Surface Charge 339
11.7.6 Surface Hydrophobicity 340
11.7.7 Fourier Transform IR (FTIR) Spectroscopy 341
11.8 Summary/Conclusion 342
References 342
12 Surface Modification of Polymers for Food Science 347 Valentina Siracusa
12.1 Introduction 347
12.2 Physical and Chemical Methods 348
12.2.1 Gas Phase and Radiation 349
12.2.1.1 Gas Phase 349
12.2.1.2 Radiation 350
12.2.2 Liquid and Bulk Phase Methods 352
12.2.2.1 Adsorption Methods 352
12.2.2.2 Desorption Method 352
12.2.3 Interfacial Adhesion of Polymers 353
12.2.4 Grafting and Polymerization 354
12.3 Mechanical Method 354
12.4 Biological Method 354
12.5 Surface Modification of Polymer for Food Packaging 355
12.5.1 Applications 355
12.5.1.1 Surface Sterilization 355
12.5.1.2 Printing 355
12.5.1.3 Mass Transfer 356
12.5.2 Polymers 356
12.6 Conclusion 358
References 359
13 Surface Modification of Water Purification Membranes 363 Anthony Szymczyk, Bart van der Bruggen, and Mathias Ulbricht
13.1 Introduction 363
13.2 Irradiation-Based Direct Polymer Modification 365
13.2.1 Plasma Treatment 365
13.2.2 UV Irradiation 366
13.2.3 Irradiation with High Energy Sources 368
13.3 Coatings 369
13.3.1 Coatings from Gas Phase 369
13.3.2 Coatings from Wet Phase 371
13.4 Grafting Methods 378
13.4.1 Grafting-to 378
13.4.2 Grafting-from 381
13.4.2.1 Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization 381
13.4.2.2 UV-Induced Grafting 383
13.4.2.3 Grafting Induced by High Energy Radiations 385
13.4.2.4 Grafting Initiated by Chemical/Electrochemical Means 385
13.4.3 Controlled Grafting-from 389
13.5 Conclusion 392
References 394
14 Surface Modification of Polymer Substrates for Biomedical Applications 399 P. Slepicka, N. Slepičková Kasálková, Z. Kolská, and V. Švorčík
14.1 Introduction 399
14.2 Plasma Treatment 400
14.3 Laser Modification 411
14.3.1 Interaction with Cells 411
14.3.2 Sensor Construction 412
14.4 Conclusion 416
Acknowledgments 417
References 417
Index 427
Surface Modification of Polymers is an essential guide to the myriad methods that can be employed to modify and functionalize the surfaces of polymers. The functionalization of polymer surfaces is often required for applications in sensors, membranes, medicinal devices, and others. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?describe the polymer surface in detail and discuss the internal and external factors that influence surface properties.
This comprehensive guide to the most important methods for the introduction of new functionalities is an authoritative resource for everyone working in the field. This book explores many applications, including the plasma polymerization technique, organic surface functionalization by initiated chemical vapor deposition, photoinduced functionalization on polymer surfaces, functionalization of polymers by hydrolysis, aminolysis, reduction, oxidation, surface modification of nanoparticles, and many more. Inside, readers will find information on various applications in the biomedical field, food science, and membrane science.
About the Author Jean Pinson, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of the Université Paris Diderot. He is interested in the functionalization and modification of polymer surfaces and the surface chemistry of diazonium salts.
Damien Thiry, PhD, is Senior Researcher at the University of Mons (Chimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface (ChIPS)), Belgium.