Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Motivation and Applications -- 1.2 Enzyme-Based Logic Gates and Short Logic Circuits -- References -- Chapter 2 Boolean Logic Gates Realized with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Unusual Look at Usual Chemical Reactions -- 2.1 General Introduction and Definitions -- 2.2 Fundamental Boolean Logic Operations Mimicked with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 2.2.1 Identity (YES) Gate -- 2.2.2 Inverted Identity (NOT) Gate -- 2.2.3 OR Gate -- 2.2.4 NOR Gate -- 2.2.5 XOR Gate -- 2.2.6 NXOR Gate -- 2.2.7 AND Gate -- 2.2.8 NAND Gate -- 2.2.9 INHIB Gate -- 2.2.10 Summary on the Basic Boolean Gates Realized with Enzyme Systems -- 2.3 Modular Design of NOR and NAND Logic Gates -- 2.4 Majority and Minority Logic Gates -- 2.5 Reconfigurable Logic Gates -- 2.5.1 3-Input Logic Gates Switchable Between AND-OR Logic Functions Operating in a Solution -- 2.5.2 Enzyme-Based Logic Gates Switchable Between OR, NXOR, and NAND Boolean Operations Realized in a Flow System -- 2.6 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 Optimization of Enzyme-Based Logic Gates for Reducing Noise in the Signal Transduction Process -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Signal Transduction Function in the Enzyme-Based Logic Systems: Filters Producing Sigmoid Response Functions -- 3.2.1 Identity (YES) Logic Gate Optimization -- 3.2.2 AND Logic Gate Optimization -- 3.2.3 OR Logic Gate Optimization -- 3.2.4 XOR Logic Gate Optimization -- 3.3 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Enzyme-Based Short Logic Networks Composed of Concatenated Logic Gates -- 4.1 Introduction: Problems in Assembling of Multistep Logic Networks -- 4.2 Logic Network Composed of Concatenated Gates: An Example System -- 4.3 Logic Networks with Suppressed Noise in the Presence of Filter Systems. 4.4 Logic Circuits Activated with Biomolecular Signals and Magnetic Field Applied -- 4.4.1 Biocatalytic Reactions Proceeding with Bulk Diffusion of Intermediate Substrates/Products and with Their Channeling -- 4.4.2 Magneto-Controlled Biocatalytic Cascade Switchable Between Substrate Diffusion and Substrate Channeling Modes of Operation -- 4.4.3 Logic Signal Processing with the Switchable Biocatalytic System -- 4.5 The Summary: Step Forward from Single Logic Gates to Complex Logic Circuits -- References -- Chapter 5 Sophisticated Reversible Logic Systems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Reversible Logic Gates and Their Features -- 5.1.2 Logic Reversibility vs. Physical Reversibility -- 5.1.3 Integration of Reversible Logic Gates into Biomolecular Computing Systems -- 5.1.4 Spatial Separation of Enzyme Logic Operation: The Use of Flow Devices -- 5.2 Feynman Gate: Controlled NOT (CNOT) Gate -- 5.3 Double Feynman Gate (DFG) Operation -- 5.4 Toffoli Gate Operation -- 5.5 Peres Gate Operation -- 5.6 Gates Redirecting Output Signals -- 5.6.1 Controlled-Switch Gate -- 5.6.2 Fredkin (Controlled-Swap) Gate -- 5.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Developed Approach -- 5.7.1 Advantages -- 5.7.2 Disadvantages -- 5.8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 6 Transduction of Signals Generated by Enzyme Logic Gates -- 6.1 Optical Analysis of Output Signals Generated by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.1.1 Optical Absorbance Measurements for Transduction of Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Gates -- 6.1.2 Bioluminescence Measurements for Transduction of Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Gates -- 6.1.3 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Measurements for Transduction of Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Gates -- 6.2 Electrochemical Analysis of Output Signals Generated by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems. 6.2.1 Chronoamperometric Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.2.2 Potentiometric Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.2.3 pH Measurements as a Tool for Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.2.4 Indirect Electrochemical Analysis of Output Signals Generated by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems Using Electrodes Functionalized with pH-Switchable Polymers -- 6.2.5 Conductivity Measurements as a Tool for Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.2.6 Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems Using Semiconductor Devices -- 6.3 Macro/Micro/Nano-mechanical Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.3.1 Mechanical Bending of a Cantilever Used for Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.3.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Transduction of Chemical Output Signals Produced by Enzyme-Based Logic Systems -- 6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 Circuit Elements Based on Enzyme Systems -- 7.1 Enzyme-Based Multiplexer and Demultiplexer -- 7.1.1 General Definition of the Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Functions -- 7.1.2 2-to-1 Digital Multiplexer Based on the Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 7.1.3 1-to-2 Digital Demultiplexer Based on the Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 7.1.4 1-to-2 Digital Demultiplexer Interfaced with an Electrochemical Actuator -- 7.2 Biomolecular Signal Amplifier Based on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 7.3 Biomolecular Signal Converter Based on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions. 7.4 Utilization of a Fluidic Infrastructure for the Realization of Enzyme-Based Boolean Logic Circuits -- 7.5 Other Circuit Elements Required for the Networking of Enzyme Logic Systems and General Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Enzyme-Based Memory Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Enzyme-Based Flip-Flop Memory Elements -- 8.2.1 Set/Reset (SR) Flip-Flop Memory Based on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 8.2.2 Delay (D) Flip-Flop Memory Based on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 8.2.3 Toggle (T) Flip-Flop Memory Based on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 8.2.4 Enzyme-Based Flip-Flop Memory Systems: Conclusions and Perspectives -- 8.3 Memristor Based on Enzyme Biocatalytic Reactions -- 8.3.1 Memristors: From Semiconductor Devices to Soft Matter and Biomolecular Materials -- 8.3.2 The Memristor Device Based on a Biofuel Cell -- 8.3.3 The Memristor Device Controlled by Logically Processed Biomolecular Signals -- 8.3.4 Enzyme-Based Memristors: Conclusions and Perspectives -- 8.4 Enzyme-Based Associative Memory Systems -- 8.4.1 Associative Memory: Biological Origin and Function -- 8.4.2 Realization of the Associative Memory with a Multienzyme Biocatalytic Cascade -- 8.4.3 Enzyme-Based Associative Memory: Challenges and Perspectives -- 8.5 Enzyme-Based Memory Systems: Challenges, Perspectives, and Limitations -- References -- Chapter 9 Arithmetic Functions Realized with Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions -- 9.1 Molecular and Biomolecular Arithmetic Systems: Introduction and Motivation -- 9.2 Half-Adder -- 9.3 Half-Subtractor -- 9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10 Information Security Applications Based on Enzyme Logic Systems -- 10.1 Keypad Lock Devices as Examples of Electronic Information Security Systems -- 10.2 Keypad Lock Systems Based on Biocatalytic Cascades -- 10.3 Other Biomolecular Information Security Systems. 10.3.1 Steganography and Encryption Methods Based on Bioaffinity Complex Formation Followed by a Biocatalytic Reaction -- 10.3.2 Barcodes Produced by Bioelectrocatalytic Reactions -- 10.4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Enzyme Logic Digital Biosensors for Biomedical, Forensic, and Security Applications -- 11.1 Introduction: Short Overview -- 11.2 From Traditional Analog Biosensors to Novel Binary Biosensors Based on the Biocomputing Concept -- 11.3 How Binary Operating Biosensors Can Benefit Biomedical Analysis: Requirements, Challenges, and First Applications -- 11.4 Binary (YES/NO) Analysis of Liver Injury Biomarkers: From Test Tube Probes to Animal Research -- 11.5 Further Examples of Injury Biomarker Analysis Using AND/NAND Logic Gates -- 11.5.1 Soft Tissue Injury (STI) Logic Analysis -- 11.5.2 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Logic Analysis -- 11.5.3 Abdominal Trauma (ABT) Logic Analysis -- 11.5.4 Hemorrhagic Shock (HS) Logic Analysis -- 11.5.5 Oxidative Stress (OS) Logic Analysis -- 11.5.6 Radiation Injury (RI) Logic Analysis -- 11.6 Multienzyme Logic Network Architectures for Assessing Injuries: Aiming at the Increased Complexity of the Biocomputing-Bioanalytic Systems -- 11.6.1 The System Structure Based on the Complex Biocatalytic Cascade -- 11.6.2 STI Operation Mode of the Logic Network -- 11.6.3 TBI Operation Mode of the Logic Network -- 11.6.4 Switching Between the STI and TBI Modes and General Comments on the System -- 11.7 New Approach in Forensic Analysis: Biomolecular Computing-Based Analysis of Forensic Biomarkers -- 11.8 Logic Analysis of Security Threats (Explosives and Nerve Agents) Based on Biocatalytic Cascades -- 11.9 Integration of Biocatalytic Cascades with Microelectronics and Wearable Sensors -- 11.10 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References.