Helicopter flight dynamics : including a treatment of tiltrotor aircraft /
Gareth D Padfield, University of Liverpool.
- Third edition.
- 1 online resource (856 pages).
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series Preface xv
Preface to Third Edition xvii
Preface to Second Edition xix
Preface to First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgements xxvii
Notation xxix
List of Abbreviations xxxix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Simulation Modelling 2
1.2 Flying Qualities 3
1.3 Missing Topics 4
1.4 Simple Guide to the Book 5
Chapter 2 Helicopter and Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics – An Introductory Tour
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Four Reference Points 9
2.2.1 The Mission and Piloting Tasks 9
2.2.2 The Operational Environment 12
2.2.3 The Vehicle Configuration, Dynamics, and Flight Envelope 13
Chapter 6 Flying Qualities: Objective Assessment and Criteria Development
6.1 General Introduction to Flying Qualities 334
6.2 Introduction and Scope: The Objective Measurement of Quality 338
6.3 Roll Axis Response Criteria 341
6.3.1 Task Margin and Manoeuvre Quickness 341
6.3.2 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 347
6.3.3 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 353
6.3.4 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 371
6.3.5 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 372
6.4 Pitch Axis Response Criteria 374
6.4.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 374
6.4.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 377
6.4.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 378
6.4.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 381
6.5 Heave Axis Response Criteria 385
6.5.1 Criteria for Hover and Low-Speed Flight 388
6.5.2 Criteria for Torque and Rotorspeed During Vertical Axis Manoeuvres 391
6.5.3 Heave Response Criteria in Forward Flight 392
6.5.4 Heave Response Characteristics in Steep Descent 393
6.6 Yaw Axis Response Criteria 395
6.6.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 396
6.6.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 398
6.6.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 398
6.6.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 401
6.7 Cross-Coupling Criteria 402
6.7.1 Pitch-to-Roll and Roll-to-Pitch Couplings 402
6.7.2 Collective to Yaw Coupling 404
6.7.3 Sideslip to Pitch and Roll Coupling 405
6.8 Multi-Axis Response Criteria and Novel-Response Types 406
6.8.1 Multi-Axis Response Criteria 406
6.8.2 Novel Response Types 407
6.9 Objective Criteria Revisited 410
Chapter 7 Flying Qualities: Subjective Assessment and Other Topics
7.1 Introduction and Scope 418
7.2 The Subjective Assessment of Flying Quality 419
7.2.1 Pilot Handling Qualities Ratings – HQRs 420
7.2.2 Conducting a Handling Qualities Experiment 425
7.3 Special Flying Qualities 438
7.3.1 Agility 438
7.3.2 The Integration of Controls and Displays for Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 445
7.3.3 Carefree Flying Qualities 455
7.4 Pilot’s Controllers 462
7.5 The Contribution of Flying Qualities to Operational Effectiveness and the Safety of Flight 464
Chapter 8 Flying Qualities: Forms of Degradation
8.1 Introduction and Scope 470
8.2 Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 472
8.2.1 Recapping the Usable Cue Environment 472
8.2.2 Visual Perception in Flight Control – Optical Flow and Motion Parallax 475
8.2.3 Time to Contact; Optical Tau, 𝜏 483
8.2.4 𝜏 Control in the Deceleration-to-Stop Manoeuvre 486
8.2.5 Tau-Coupling – A Paradigm for Safety in Action 487
8.2.6 Terrain-Following Flight in Degraded Visibility 494
8.2.7 What Now for Tau? 507
8.3 Handling Qualities Degradation through Flight System Failures 511
8.3.1 Methodology for Quantifying Flying Qualities Following Flight Function Failures 512
8.3.2 Loss of Control Function 514
8.3.3 Malfunction of Control – Hard-Over Failures 517
8.3.4 Degradation of Control Function – Actuator Rate Limiting 522
8.4 Encounters with Atmospheric Disturbances 524
8.4.1 Helicopter Response to Aircraft Vortex Wakes 525
8.4.2 Severity of Transient Response 538
8.5 Chapter Review 542
Appendix 8A HELIFLIGHT, HELIFLIGHT-R, and FLIGHTLAB at the University of Liverpool 545
8A.1 FLIGHTLAB 545
8A.2 Immersive Cockpit Environment 547
8A.3 HELIFLIGHT-R 551
Chapter 9 Flying Qualities: The Story of an Idea
9.1 Introduction and Scope 554
9.2 Historical Context of Rotorcraft Flying Qualities 557
9.2.1 The Early Years; Some Highlights from the 1940s–1950s 557
9.2.2 The Middle Years – Some Highlights from the 1960s–1970s 564
9.3 Handling Qualities as a Performance Metric – The Development of ADS-33 577
9.3.1 The Evolution of a Design Standard – The Importance of Process 578
9.3.2 Some Critical Innovations in ADS-33 579
9.4 The UK MoD Approach 579
9.5 Roll Control; A Driver for Rotor Design 580
9.6 Helicopter Agility 583
9.6.1 ADS-33 Tailoring and Applications 585
9.6.2 Handling Qualities as a Safety Net; The Pilot as a System Component 587
9.7 The Future Challenges for Rotorcraft Handling Qualities Engineering 593
Chapter 10 Tiltrotor Aircraft: Modelling and Flying Qualities
10.1 Introduction and Scope 598
10.2 Modelling and Simulation of Tiltrotor Aircraft Flight Dynamics 604
10.2.1 Building a Simulation Model 605
10.2.2 Interactional Aerodynamics in Low-Speed Flight 620
10.2.3 Vortex Ring State and the Consequences for Tiltrotor Aircraft 621
10.2.4 Trim, Linearisation, and Stability 626
10.2.5 Response Analysis 632
10.3 The Flying Qualities of Tiltrotor Aircraft 635
10.3.1 General 635
10.3.2 Developing Tiltrotor Mission Task Elements 638
10.3.3 Flying Qualities of Tiltrotors; Clues from the Eigenvalues 644
10.3.4 Agility and Closed-Loop Stability of Tiltrotors 652
10.3.5 Flying Qualities during the Conversion 670
10.3.6 Improving Tiltrotor Flying Qualities with Stability and Control Augmentation 673
10.4 Load Alleviation versus Flying Qualities for Tiltrotor Aircraft 686
10.4.1 Drawing on the V-22 Experience 686
10.4.2 Load Alleviation for the European Civil Tiltrotor 688
10.5 Chapter Epilogue; Tempus Fugit for Tiltrotors 698
Appendix 10A Flightlab Axes Systems and Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 700
10A.1 FLIGHTLAB Axes Systems 700
10A.2 Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 703
Appendix 10B The XV-15 Tiltrotor 705
Aircraft Configuration Parameters 705
XV-15 3-view 707
XV-15 Control Ranges and Gearings 707
Appendix 10C The FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivatives 710
10C.1 Graphical Forms 710
10C.2 FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivative and Eigenvalue Tables 725
Helicopter Mode (Matrices Shown with and without (nointf) Aerodynamic Interactions) 725
Conversion Mode 733
Airplane Mode 737
Appendix 10D Proprotor Gimbal Dynamics in Airplane Mode 742
Appendix 10E Tiltrotor Directional Instability Through Constrained Roll Motion: An Elusive, Paradoxical Dynamic 746
10E.1 Background and the Effective Directional Stability 746
10E.2 Application to Tiltrotors 747
References 753
Index 789
"Sales handles - Significantly updated new edition with two new chapters covering flight dynamics of tilt rotor aircraft and the historical developments of rotorcraft HQs - Provides a comprehensive treatment of helicopter flight dynamics, covering the theoretical background to the dynamics of helicopter flight, the development of handling criteria and new flight test techniques - Covers the theory and application of flying qualities and simulation modelling - Includes case studies and recent applications Market description (Please include secondary markets) Tier 5/ P&R Primary: Aerospace engineers. Secondary: Graduate and senior undergraduate students in aerospace engineering, government"--