CBRN and HAZMAT incidents at major public events : planning and response / Daniel J. Kaszeta.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of Contents
List of Figures xiii

Preface to the First Edition xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

Introduction to the Second Edition xxiii

Part I: The Operational Environment

Chapter 1: The CBRN and Hazardous Materials Threat 3

Adverse Effects 3

Categories of Threat Materials 7

Means of Dissemination 11

The Cause of the Problem: The Perpetrator 14

Nuisances, Hoaxes, and Communicated Threats 15

References 17

Chapter 2: The Major Events Operating Environment 19

Aspects of Events 19

Attendees—The Commonplace “Cast of Characters” 20

Public Transportation and Transport Infrastructure 23

Effects of Weather, Particularly in Urban Environments 24

Major Events Serve as a Multiplier for Terrorist Attacks 25

The Organizational and Bureaucratic Environment 26

References 30

Chapter 3: Social, Behavioral, and Psychological Issues 31

CBRN Materials, Fear, and Anxiety 32

Assessing Group Behavior 33

What Behavior do you Expect or Want? 35

How do we Apply this Knowledge? 36

References 39

Part II: Planning

Chapter 4: Interagency Planning and Cooperation 43

Differences in Operational Perspectives 44

Fixing the Problems of Poor Cooperation 47

Incident Management Systems 48

Some Critiques of Incident Management Schemes 51

The Operations Center 52

AD Hoc Operations Centers 54

Best Practices –How to Make Operations Centers Work 54

References 57

Chapter 5: General Planning Considerations: Building Capability and Capacity 59

Establish Your Planning Threshold 59

Resilience 61

Examining and Building Capability and Capacity 62

The Synchronization Matrix as a Planning Tool 64

Addressing the Red Ink: Operational Deficits 66

Developing an Assessment Scheme 68

Best Practices for an Assessment Team 70

Lesson Learned: Do not get Too Hung up on Worst-Case Scenarios 73

References 74

Chapter 6: Buildings and Venues 75

Major Types of Venue 75

Reconnaissance: Site Surveys and Walkthroughs 80

Physical Characteristics: Air Flow and Ventilation 83

Hazardous Materials at or Near Venues 87

References 88

Chapter 7: Procurement: Buying Goods and Services 91

Interacting with Vendors in an Intelligent Way 92

Detection and Identification Hardware 94

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 96

Decontamination 97

References 99

Chapter 8: Preparedness in the Medical Sector 101

References 101

Sizing up the Problem 102

Preparedness at the Field Level: The Concept of “Special Events Medical Services” 105

Preparedness at the Hospital Level: Getting Ready for Mass

Casualty Incidents (MCI) in the CBRN/HAZMAT Arena 106

Preparedness at the Public Health Level: Biomedical Surveillance 108

Dealing with the “Worried Well” 109

Lesson Learned: Intensive Care Can be the Critical Shortfall 111

References 112

Chapter 9: Preparedness in the Law Enforcement, Security, and Intelligence Sectors 115

Understanding the Process of CBRN Terrorism 116

Anti-Terrorism: Preventing or Deterring an Attack 118

Preparing Police to Operate in CBRN Environments 121

Lesson Learned: Countersurveillance—Pretend

Like you are the Bad Guys 124

Lesson Learned: Use the 1-2- 3 Rule 124

References 125

Chapter 10: Preparedness in the Firefighting, Rescue, and Hazardous Materials Disciplines 127

Adapting the Fire Service Response to CBRN/HAZMAT Incidents at Major Events 127

Responder Safety 129

Planning for Decontamination 129

Rescue in the Hot Zone: Who and How? 130

CBRN/HAZMAT Mitigation 133

Lesson Learned: Follow the Hart Team 135

References 136

Chapter 11: Preparedness and Response in the Private Sector and “Third Sector” 137

Private Versus Public Spaces 137

Private Security Personnel 138

Facility Management Staff 141

Charities, Volunteers, and “Unaffiliated Responders” 142

PPE for the Private Sector and Third Sector Responders 144

References 145

Chapter 12: The Military—Preparing for Military Support to the Civil Authorities 147

Understanding Military CBRN Philosophy 147

Relationship Between Military and Civil Authorities 149

Issues and Problems with Military Support 152

Some Ideas to Help Integrate Military Support 154

Lesson Learned: Civil Support Teams 155

Reference 155

Chapter 13 Other Preparedness Issues 157

Transportation and Logistics 157

Communications Technology 158

Financial and Administrative Preparedness 159

Legal Considerations 160

Language Support 162

Laboratory and Scientific Preparedness 162

Reach-Back 166

Lessons Learned: There’s Almost Always an International Context 168

References 168

Part III: Response

Chapter 14: The First Hour 173

What to do in the First Hour 173

Assessment of Incidents 175

Essential Elements of Information (EEI) 175

Sizing up The Incident 177

What Not to do in the First Hour 182

Withdrawal as a Tactic 183

Lessons Learned from History 183

References 184

Chapter 15: Characterizing the Threat 185

Detection, Identification, Measurement, and Identification Equipment and its Use 185

Specifications of Sensors 191

Putting it Together: Writing Sensors into Operational Plans 192

Thinking out of the Box—Detection Using Non-Specialty Sensor Technology 194

Hazard Prediction Models 196

Lesson Learned: Leveraging Existing Detection Capabilities 196

References 197

Chapter 16: Medical Response 199

Dividing the Problem into Syndromes 199

Managing The Incident—Being Realistic in Chemical Scenarios 201

Field Care—Remember the ABCDD 203

Practical Incident Management Measures 204

Definitive Care 206

Lesson Learned: Treat the Patient not the Scenario 208

Mini-Chapter: Lessons from a Pandemic 209

References 212

Chapter 17: Decontamination 215

Why do Decontamination? 215

Decon at Major Events 217

Categories of Decontamination 218

Methods of Decontamination 220

Tactical Considerations 221

Lesson Learned: Large Volume Decontamination is Possible 227

References 227

Chapter 18: Public Affairs and Crisis Communication 229

The Audience: Who are we Talking to? 230

Principles of Communicating in a Crisis 231

Joint Information Centers 233

What Not to do 233

The Phenomenon of Bad Information 234

Lesson Learned: Conspiracy Theories and Disinformation will Multiply in a CBRN Environment 237

References 237

Chapter 19: Consequence Management and Other Response Measures 239

General Frameworks and References for Consequence Management 239

Lesson Learned: Victims from Other Countries 248

References 248

Chapter 20: Forensics and Investigations 251

CBRN Forensics as a Specialty 251

Collection and Preservation of Evidence: General Considerations 253

Integrity of the Evidence 255

Possible Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures 257

Lessons Learned 260

References 261

Part IV: Practical Scenarios

Introduction to the Practical Scenarios 265

Scenario A Searching Arenas and Stadiums 267

Scenario B Screening People, Goods, and Vehicles 275

Scenario C Threats and Hoaxes 281

Scenario D Unattended Items and Vehicles 287

Scenario E Suspicious Powders and Crime Scene Issues 291

Scenario F Industrial Chemical Accidents 295

Scenario G Mystery Smells and Illnesses 299

Scenario H Chemical Warfare Agent Terrorism on Public Transport 305

Scenario I Large-scale Chemical Terrorism 311

Scenario J Attacks with Biological Warfare Agents 317

Scenario K Pandemic Illness 321

Scenario L Radiological Attacks 327

Scenario M Major Nuclear Power Plant Incident 333

Appendices

Appendix A Example Threat Basis and Planning Threshold 339

Appendix B Template for a CBRN/HAZMAT Site Survey 343

Appendix C Example Task Lists, Capability Survey, and Capacity Survey 347

Appendix D Synchronization Matrix—Simplified

Example 351

Bibliography 355

Index 365

"There are many available books on CBRN response and HAZMAT as well as a few books on security for major events; however, there are none that overlap. When planning for the safety and security of major high-profile events, whether they be sporting events (e.g. Olympics), public ceremonies (Royal weddings, state funerals, inaugurations), or similar large gatherings there need to be proper plans, tactics, techniques, and procedures for planning and responding to any potential hazard. The book explains how to prepare for and how to react to accidental and deliberate situations involving CBRN threat materials at a major public event. The book explains why the major event environment is different and why this category of threats poses a higher level of challenge. The book then shifts from preparedness to response to incidents. The book describes a number of practices, techniques, and processes that may be useful for responding to such incidents. The final part of the book contains a number of self-contained scenarios, which are useful both as instructional materials in their own right. But they are also useful, on a stand-alone basis, as the underlying basis for training exercises, both on a table-top basis and in actual field exercises. Throughout the book, technical concepts are explained so that even non-specialists in the emergency response disciplines can follow Based on the authors significant feedback from readers of the first edition, many changes have been made. The major change is that the book incorporates lessons learned from major events that have occurred since publication of the first edition. In each chapter some particular "lesson learned" or "best practice" from recent events are included. Where necessary and relevant, update the text to make reference to technological developments since 2012 while outdated or unnecessary material has been removed"-- Provided by publisher.

About the Author
Daniel J. Kaszeta is an Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in London. He is widely regarded as a subject matter expert in the field and has written several books and numerous articles for a variety of publications. He has served in relevant roles in the US Army Chemical Corps, the US Department of Defense, the White House Military Office, and the US Secret Service. He was responsible for CBRN protection of the White House for 12 years and has highly specialized experience in major public events.