Plastics waste management : processing and disposal / Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian.
By: Muralisrinivasan, Natamai Subramanian [author.]
Language: English Publisher: Hoboken : Wiley, 2019Edition: Second editionDescription: 1 online resourceContent type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781119555872 ; 9781119556183; 111955618X; 9781119556190; 1119556198; 9781119556176; 1119556171Subject(s): Plastic scrap | Factory and trade waste | Plastics -- Environmental aspectsGenre/Form: Electronic books. | Electronic books.DDC classification: 628.4/4 LOC classification: TD798Online resources: Full text is available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view.| Item type | Current location | Home library | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode | Item holds |
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EBOOK
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COLLEGE LIBRARY | COLLEGE LIBRARY | 628.44 M931 2019 (Browse shelf) | Available |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of Contents
Preface
Contents
xiii
1 Introduction 1
References 4
2 Plastics and Additives 7
2.1 Polymers 7
2.2 Plastics 8
2.3 Plastics Raw Material 9
2.4 Thermoplastics 9
2.4.1 Polyolefin 10
2.4.1.1 Polyethylene 11
2.4.1.2 Polypropylene 12
2.4.1.3 Polystyrene 14
2.4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 14
2.4.2 Polyester 16
2.4.3 Polycarbonate 17
2.4.4 Polyamide 18
2.4.5 Biodegradable Plastics 18
2.5 Thermosets 19
2.5.1 Phenol-formaldehyde 20
2.5.2 Unsaturated Polyester 20
2.6 Additives 20
2.6.1 Antioxidants 22
2.6.2 Slip Additives 22
2.6.3 Ultraviolet Stabilizers 23
2.6.4 Heat Stabilizers 23
2.6.5 Plasticizers 24
2.6.6 Lubricants 25
v
2.6.7 Flame Retardants 25
2.6.8 Mold Release Agents 26
2.6.9 Nucleating Agents 28
2.6.10 Fillers 29
2.7 Plastics – Applications 29
2.8 Remarks 30
References 30
3 Plastics and Environment 37
3.1 Plastics and Conventional Materials – Comparison 37
3.2 Effects of Plastics Products and Environment 39
3.3 Landsite Effects 39
3.4 Chemical Environment 39
3.5 Marine Environment 40
3.6 Packaging Materials 42
3.7 Agricultural Fields 42
3.8 Waste Accumulation 43
3.9 Degradation of Plastics 43
3.9.1 Process Degradation 43
3.9.2 Environmental Degradation 45
3.10 Environmental Burdens 46
3.11 Industrial Ecosystem 47
3.12 Remarks 47
References 47
4 Plastics Processing Technology 53
4.1 Background 53
4.2 Management – Plastics Processing 54
4.3 Plastic Materials – Variations 55
4.4 Technology 56
4.4.1 Injection Molding 58
4.4.2 Blow Molding 60
4.4.3 Extrusion 62
4.4.4 Thermoforming 63
4.4.5 Rotational Molding 64
4.4.6 Compression Molding 66
4.5 Productivity and Task 67
4.6 Waste Processing 68
4.7 Reprocess Material in Plastics Processing 69
4.8 Challenges and Opportunities 70
4.9 Remarks 71
References 71
5 Plastics Waste – Consumer and Industry 73
5.1 Background 74
5.2 Plastics Waste 74
5.3 Polyolefin 75
5.4 Polypropylene 76
5.5 Polystyrene 76
5.6 Polyvinylchloride 76
5.7 Bioplastics 77
5.8 Additives and Environment 78
5.8.1 Heat Stabilizers 78
5.8.2 Plasticizers 78
5.8.3 Flame Retardants 79
5.8.4 Compatibilizers 79
5.9 Technological Aspects 80
5.10 Factors Influencing Plastics Waste 80
5.11 Waste Resources 81
5.11.1 Domestic Waste 81
5.11.2 Packaging Waste 82
5.11.3 E-Waste 83
5.11.4 Automotive Waste 84
5.11.5 Medical Plastics Waste 84
5.11.6 Agriculture Plastics Waste 85
5.11.7 Marine Plastics Waste 85
5.11.8 Mixed or Contaminated Plastics 86
5.12 Plastics Waste Reduction 86
5.13 Advantages of Waste Prevention 88
5.14 Waste Reduction and Performance 89
5.15 Recovery of Plastics 89
5.16 Remarks 90
References 91
6 Plastics Waste Management 97
6.1 Principles 97
6.2 Objective 98
6.3 Requirements 98
6.4 Management Concept 99
6.5 Waste Collection 99
6.6 Separation and Cleaning 100
6.7 Scientific Thinking 101
6.8 Outcome 101
6.9 Effective Management 101
6.10 Dynamic Thinking 102
6.11 Multi-Phase Approach 103
6.12 Significance 103
6.13 Progressive Management Characteristics 104
6.14 Risks in Plastics Waste Management 105
6.15 Factors – Affect, Suffer, and Influence 105
6.16 Operational Problems 106
6.17 Sustainability and Symbolic Management 106
6.18 Environmental Conservation 107
6.19 Decision-Making Process 107
6.20 Integrated Plastics Waste Management 108
6.21 Assignments 109
6.22 Advantages 110
6.23 Shortcomings 111
References 112
7 Recycling Technology 115
7.1 Man-Made Material – Plastics 116
7.2 Substantial Prerequisite 117
7.3 Philosophy 117
7.4 Purpose of Recycling Technology 118
7.5 Fortune of Plastics Material 119
7.6 Methods of Recycling 119
7.7 Plastics Waste – Stream 121
7.8 Mixed Plastics Waste – Separation 123
7.9 Origination of Plastics Waste 124
7.10 Problems of Recycling and Controls 125
7.10.1 Problems 125
7.10.2 Controls 126
7.11 Physical Characterization and Identification 126
7.12 Recycling – A Resource 127
7.13 Recycling Technology 128
7.14 Primary Recycling 129
7.14.1 Reprocessing Essentials 130
7.15 Mechanical Recycling 130
7.15.1 Limitations 132
7.15.2 Processing Problems 132
7.16 Chemical Recycling 133
7.17 Energy Recovery 136
7.18 Pyrolysis 136
7.19 Types of Reactors and Process Design 140
7.19.1 Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 140
7.19.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 141
7.19.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor 142
7.19.4 Two-Stage Pyrolysis System 142
7.19.5 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) 143
7.19.6 Pyrolysis in Supercritical Water (SCW) 144
7.19.7 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 144
7.20 Thermal Co-Processing 145
7.20.1 Advantages 146
7.21 Gasification 146
7.22 Plastics Waste and Recycling 147
7.22.1 Polyolefin 147
7.22.2 Polyvinyl Chloride 148
7.22.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate 148
7.23 Environmental Burdens 150
7.23.1 Incineration – Open Air 150
7.23.2 Plastics Waste in Concrete 151
7.23.3 Plastics Waste in Tar for Road Laying 151
7.24 Plastics Waste as Blends and Composites 152
7.25 Remarks 153
References 153
8 Economy and Recycle Market 163
8.1 Economical Background 163
8.2 Growth Trajectory 164
8.3 Value of Plastics Waste 164
8.4 Economic Issues 165
8.5 Market Dynamics and Uncertainty 166
8.6 Fiscal Waste 167
8.7 Waste to Value 168
8.8 Industrial Ecology 169
8.9 Industrial Symbioses (ISs) 170
8.10 Economic Advantages 171
8.11 Economic Implications 171
8.12 Marketing Strategy 172
8.13 Modern Marketing Philosophy 173
8.14 Recycled Plastics Market 173
8.15 Industrial Marketing 175
8.16 Product Development and Marketing 176
8.17 Recycled Plastic Products and Consumer Market 177
8.18 Remarks 178
References 179
9 Life Cycle Assessment 183
9.1 LCA and Plastics Waste 183
Background 184
9.2 Life Cycle Assessment – A Tool to Assess Waste 185
9.3 Scientific Engineering 187
9.4 Purpose 187
9.5 Harmonization of LCA Method 188
9.6 Methodology 188
9.7 LCA Initiation 189
9.8 LCA in Plastics Waste 190
9.9 Advantages of LCA 191
9.10 Shortcomings of LCA 191
9.11 Environment Waste Auditing 192
9.12 Waste Prevention 193
9.13 Remarks 194
References 194
10 Case Studies 199
10.1 Waste Dump and Health Hazards 199
10.2 Utilization of Plastics Waste 200
10.2.1 Europe 201
10.2.2 India 201
10.2.3 Japan 202
10.2.4 France 203
10.2.5 Other Countries 204
10.3 Use of Case Studies 205
10.4 Property Value 206
10.5 Case Study 1: Plastics Waste from the Electric and Electronic Field 206
10.5.1 Concept 206
10.5.2 Objective 207
10.5.3 Methodology 207
10.5.4 Experimental Method 208
10.5.5 Results 210
10.5.6 Conclusion 210
10.6 Case Study 2: Plastics Waste from the Automobile Industry 210
10.6.1 Background 210
10.6.2 Design 211
10.6.3 Disposal and Recovery 211
10.6.3.1 Recycling of Bumpers 211
10.6.4 Inference 211
10.7 Pros and Cons 213
10.7.1 Positive Thinking 213
10.7.2 Negative Effects 213
10.8 Research and Case Study 214
10.9 Remarks 214
References 215
11 Present Trends 219
11.1 Economic Issues 219
11.2 Industry and Society 220
11.3 Landfilling 220
11.4 Effect of Single-Use Plastic Products 221
11.5 Effect on Food Packaging 221
11.6 Recycling Status 222
11.7 Present Research and Shortcomings 222
11.8 Population Growth and Waste 223
11.9 Remarks 224
References 224
12 Future Trends 227
12.1 Present Problems 227
12.2 Incineration in Open Air 228
12.3 Environmental Advantages 229
12.4 Plastics Waste – Challenge 229
12.5 Environmental and Social Problems – Prevention 230
12.6 Reasons – Waste Accumulation 231
12.7 Ecological Issues 232
12.8 Facts about Bioplastics 232
12.9 Future Requirements 233
12.10 Remarks 234
References 235
Index 237
reface xiii
1 Introduction 1
References 4
2 Plastics and Additives 7
2.1 Polymers 7
2.2 Plastics 8
2.3 Plastics Raw Material 9
2.4 Thermoplastics 9
2.4.1 Polyolefin 10
2.4.1.1 Polyethylene 11
2.4.1.2 Polypropylene 12
2.4.1.3 Polystyrene 14
2.4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 14
2.4.2 Polyester 16
2.4.3 Polycarbonate 17
2.4.4 Polyamide 18
2.4.5 Biodegradable Plastics 18
2.5 Thermosets 19
2.5.1 Phenol-formaldehyde 20
2.5.2 Unsaturated Polyester 20
2.6 Additives 20
2.6.1 Antioxidants 22
2.6.2 Slip Additives 22
2.6.3 Ultraviolet Stabilizers 23
2.6.4 Heat Stabilizers 23
2.6.5 Plasticizers 24
2.6.6 Lubricants 25
2.6.7 Flame Retardants 25
2.6.8 Mold Release Agents 26
2.6.9 Nucleating Agents 28
2.6.10 Fillers 29
2.7 Plastics – Applications 29
2.8 Remarks 30
References 30
3 Plastics and Environment 35
3.1 Plastics and Conventional Materials – Comparison 35
3.2 Effects of Plastics Products and Environment 37
3.3 Landsite Effects 37
3.4 Chemical Environment 37
3.5 Marine Environment 38
3.6 Packaging Materials 40
3.7 Agricultural Fields 40
3.8 Waste Accumulation 41
3.9 Degradation of Plastics 41
3.9.1 Process Degradation 41
3.9.2 Environmental Degradation 43
3.10 Environmental Burdens 44
3.11 Industrial Ecosystem 45
3.12 Remarks 45
References 45
4 Plastics Processing Technology 49
4.1 Background 49
4.2 Management – Plastics Processing 50
4.3 Plastic Materials – Variations 51
4.4 Technology 52
4.4.1 Injection Molding 54
4.4.2 Blow Molding 56
4.4.3 Extrusion 58
4.4.4 Thermoforming 59
4.4.5 Rotational Molding 60
4.4.6 Compression Molding 62
4.5 Productivity and Task 63
4.6 Waste Processing 64
4.7 Reprocess Material in Plastics Processing 65
4.8 Challenges and Opportunities 67
4.9 Remarks 67
References 68
5 Plastics Waste – Consumer and Industry 69
5.1 Background 70
5.2 Plastics Waste 70
5.3 Polyolefin 71
5.4 Polypropylene 72
5.5 Polystyrene 72
5.6 Polyvinylchloride 72
5.7 Bioplastics 73
5.8 Additives and Environment 74
5.8.1 Heat Stabilizers 74
5.8.2 Plasticizers 74
5.8.3 Flame Retardants 75
5.8.4 Compatibilizers 75
5.9 Technological Aspects 76
5.10 Factors Influencing Plastics Waste 76
5.11 Waste Resources 77
5.11.1 Domestic Waste 77
5.11.2 Packaging Waste 78
5.11.3 E-Waste 79
5.11.4 Automotive Waste 80
5.11.5 Medical Plastics Waste 80
5.11.6 Agriculture Plastics Waste 81
5.11.7 Marine Plastics Waste 81
5.11.8 Mixed or Contaminated Plastics 82
5.12 Plastics Waste Reduction 82
5.13 Advantages of Waste Prevention 84
5.14 Waste Reduction and Performance 85
5.15 Recovery of Plastics 85
5.16 Remarks 86
References 87
6 Plastics Waste Management 91
6.1 Principles 91
6.2 Objective 92
6.3 Requirements 92
6.4 Management Concept 93
6.5 Waste Collection 93
6.6 Separation and Cleaning 94
6.7 Scientific Thinking 95
6.8 Outcome 95
6.9 Effective Management 95
6.10 Dynamic Thinking 96
6.11 Multi-Phase Approach 97
6.12 Significance 97
6.13 Progressive Management Characteristics 98
6.14 Risks in Plastics Waste Management 99
6.15 Factors – Affect, Suffer, and Influence 99
6.16 Operational Problems 100
6.17 Sustainability and Symbolic Management 100
6.18 Environmental Conservation 101
6.19 Decision-Making Process 101
6.20 Integrated Plastics Waste Management 102
6.21 Assignments 103
6.22 Advantages 104
6.23 Shortcomings 105
References 106
7 Recycling Technology 109
7.1 Man-Made Material – Plastics 110
7.2 Substantial Prerequisite 110
7.3 Philosophy 111
7.4 Purpose of Recycling Technology 112
7.5 Fortune of Plastics Material 113
7.6 Methods of Recycling 113
7.7 Plastics Waste – Stream 115
7.8 Mixed Plastics Waste – Separation 117
7.9 Origination of Plastics Waste 118
7.10 Problems of Recycling and Controls 119
7.10.1 Problems 119
7.10.2 Controls 120
7.11 Physical Characterization and Identification 120
7.12 Recycling – A Resource 121
7.13 Recycling Technology 122
7.14 Primary Recycling 123
7.14.1 Reprocessing Essentials 124
7.15 Mechanical Recycling 124
7.15.1 Limitations 126
7.15.2 Processing Problems 126
7.16 Chemical Recycling 127
7.17 Energy Recovery 130
7.18 Pyrolysis 130
7.19 Types of Reactors and Process Design 134
7.19.1 Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 134
7.19.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 135
7.19.3 Conical Spouted Bed Reactor 136
7.19.4 Two-Stage Pyrolysis System 136
7.19.5 Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (MAP) 137
7.19.6 Pyrolysis in Supercritical Water (SCW) 138
7.19.7 Fluid Catalytic Cracking 138
7.20 Thermal Co-Processing 139
7.20.1 Advantages 140
7.21 Gasification 140
7.22 Plastics Waste and Recycling 141
7.22.1 Polyolefin 141
7.22.2 Polyvinyl Chloride 142
7.22.3 Polyethylene Terephthalate 142
7.23 Environmental Burdens 144
7.23.1 Incineration – Open Air 144
7.23.2 Plastics Waste in Concrete 145
7.23.3 Plastics Waste in Tar for Road Laying 145
7.24 Plastics Waste as Blends and Composites 146
7.25 Remarks 147
References 147
8 Economy and Recycle Market 155
8.1 Economical Background 155
8.2 Growth Trajectory 156
8.3 Value of Plastics Waste 156
8.4 Economic Issues 157
8.5 Market Dynamics and Uncertainty 158
8.6 Fiscal Waste 159
8.7 Waste to Value 160
8.8 Industrial Ecology 161
8.9 Economic Advantages 163
8.10 Marketing Strategy 164
8.11 Modern Marketing Philosophy 165
8.12 Recycled Plastics Market 165
8.13 Industrial Marketing 167
8.14 Product Development and Marketing 168
8.15 Recycled Plastic Products and Consumer Market 169
8.16 Remarks 170
References 171
9 Life Cycle Assessment 173
9.1 LCA and Plastics Waste 173
Background 174
9.2 Life Cycle Assessment – A Tool to Assess Waste 175
9.3 Scientific Engineering 177
9.4 Purpose 177
9.5 Harmonization of LCA Me thod 178
9.6 Methodology 178
9.7 LCA Initiation 179
9.8 LCA in Plastics Waste 180
9.9 Advantages of LCA 181
9.10 Shortcomings of LCA 181
9.11 Environment Waste Auditi ng 182
9.12 Waste Prevention 183
9.13 Remarks 184
References 184
10 Case Studies 189
10.1 Waste Dump and Health Hazards 189
10.2 Utilization of Plastics Was te 190
10.2.1 Europe 191
10.2.2 India 191
10.2.3 Japan 192
10.2.4 France 193
10.2.5 Other Countries 194
10.3 Use of Case Studies 195
10.4 Property Value 196
10.5 Case Study 1: Plastics Waste from the Electric and Electronic Field 196
10.5.1 Concept 196
10.5.2 Objective 197
10.5.3 Methodology 197
10.5.4 Experimental Method 198
10.5.5 Results 200
10.5.6 Conclusion 200
10.6 Case Study 2: Plastics Waste from the Automobile Industry 200
10.6.1 Background 200
10.6.2 Design 201
10.6.3 Disposal and Recovery 201
10.6.3.1 Recycling of Bumpers 201
10.6.4 Inference 201
10.7 Pros and Cons 203
10.7.1 Positive Thinking 203
10.7.2 Negative Effects 203
10.8 Research and Case Study 204
10.9 Remarks 204
References 205
11 Present Trends 207
11.1 Economic Issues 207
11.2 Industry and Society 208
11.3 Landfilling 208
11.4 Effect of Single-Use Plastic Products 209
11.5 Effect on Food Packaging 209
11.6 Recycling Status 210
11.7 Present Research and Shortcomings 210
11.8 Population Growth and Waste 211
11.9 Remarks 212
References 212
12 Future Trends 215
12.1 Present Problems 215
12.2 Incineration in Open Air 216
12.3 Environmental Advantages 217
12.4 Plastics Waste – Challenge 217
12.5 Environmental and Social Problems – Prevention 218
12.6 Reasons – Waste Accumulation 219
12.7 Ecological Issues 220
12.8 Facts about Bioplastics 220
12.9 Future Requirements 221
12.10 Remarks 222
References 223
Index 225
"Within a specifc ecological-economic system, each material is generally connected to and also dependent on others. Moreover, plastics contribute to the overall integrity of this life system. However, since all plastics contribute to the functional scheme of things in waste generation, it is undoubtedly a very important issue. In particular, plastics provide key applications that are also unique; without plastics, the underlying ecological-economic system would be very different"-- Provided by publisher.
Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian is a consultant in the field of plastics technology, specializing in materials, additives, and processing equipment, including troubleshooting. He obtained his BSc in chemistry from Madurai Kamaraj University and his MSc in polymer technology from Bharathiar University in 1988. He received his postgraduate diploma in plastics processing technology from Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India. He also holds a doctorate in polymer science from Madurai Kamaraj University. He worked in the plastic processing industry, mainly in R&D, for 13 years before entering into consultancy and building up an international client base. Muralisrinivasan holds seminars on plastics processing and serves as a Board of Studies Expert Member of Colleges in India, dealing with technology curricula. He has authored multiple books for the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.
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