Water and sanitation-related diseases and the changing environment : challenges, interventions, and preventive measures / edited by Janine M.H. Selendy ; foreword by Paul Farmer ; afterword by Wafaie Fawzi.

Preceded by: Water and sanitation-related diseases and the environment / edited by Janine M.H. Selendy. c2011.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Table of Contents
FOREWORD ix
Paul Farmer

PREFACE xi
Janine M. H. Selendy

CONTRIBUTORS xiii

INTRODUCTION xv
Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aagaard-Hansen

SECTION I WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE: MEETING THE NEED 1

1 Toward Universal Access to Basic and Safely Managed Drinking Water: Remaining Challenges and New Opportunities in the Era of Sustainable Development Goals 3
Mitsuaki Hirai and Jay Graham

2 The Human Right to Sanitation 17
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham

3 Coping with Water Needs: The Demographic Future 25
Guigui Yao and Robert Wyman

4 Water, Food, and the Environment 39
Robert Wyman and Guigui Yao

5 Water and Armed Conflict 53
Barry S. Levy

6 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 59
Nikhil Chandavarkar

SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION‐RELATED DISEASES 63

7 Infectious Diarrhea 65
Sean Fitzwater, Anita Shet, Mathuram Santosham, and Margaret Kosek

8 Soil‐Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 95
Alexander T. Yu and Brian G. Blackburn

9 Food Systems and Nutrition in the Context of Climate Change 111
José Graziano da Silva

10 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon: New Understanding and Directions for Intervention 127
Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer

11 Schistosomiasis 147
Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard‐Hansen

12 Trachoma 159
Emma M. Harding‐Esch, Joseph A. Cook, David C. Mabey, and Anthony W. Solomon

SECTION III ANTHROPOGENIC AND NATURALLY OCCURRING POLLUTANTS 171

13 Impacts of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment 173
M. Danielle McDonald

14 Other Water Pollutants: Antimicrobial Resistance 177
Rochelle Rainey

15 Global Substitution of Mercury‐Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 189
Anitha Nimmagadda, Ivorie Stanley, Joshua Karliner, and Peter Orris

SECTION IV WATER TREATMENT AND SAFE STORAGE 197

16 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low‐Income Countries 199
Thomas F. Clasen

SECTION V CLIMATE CHANGE AND HUMAN HEALTH 213

17 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 215
Mary E. Wilson

18 Reassessing Multiple‐Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 229
Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro

19 Ecosystem Health as the Basis for Human Health 245
Tom Barker and Jane Fisher

20 Addressing the Nexus of Water, Sanitation, Health, and Climate Change Through Multistakeholder Partnerships 271
Nikhil Chandavarkar

SECTION VI SUCCESS STORIES 275

21 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 277
Julio Frenk and Octavio Gomez‐Dantés

22 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 283
Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz‐Tiben

23 Sanitation Case Studies 291
Anoop Jain and Jay Graham

24 Catalyzing Rural Sanitation at Scale: Lessons Learned from the Global Sanitation Fund 297
Patrick England and Carolien Van der Voorden

AFTERWORD 311

INDEX 313

"Meeting water and sanitation needs, coupled with protection of the environment and prevention of pollutants, is essential to every effort to improve the health and living conditions of billions of people. Meeting these needs is fundamental, not only to effectively diminish incidence of diseases that afflict a third or more of the people of the world, but also to improve education and economic well-being and elevate billions of individuals out of vicious cycles of poverty." These lines are from the Introduction to the First Edition of "Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions and Preventive Measures" written by Jens Aagaard- Hansen and Janine M.H. Selendy. The Second Edition will continue to address these goals in updated and revised chapters and new ones with an added emphasis on the current and anticipated impact of climate change. Preparatory measures and preventive measures and solutions will be presented providing guidance for possible action on the local, national and international levels. Consistent with the First Edition, this volume is being written by authorities from the fields of public health, medicine, epidemiology, environmental health, climate change, nutrition and malnutrition, environmental engineering, pharmacology, and population research to provide an interdisciplinary picture of conditions responsible for water and sanitation-related diseases and measures for prevention. Written taking into account the dynamic changes being brought about by climate changes, this book further examines the pathogens and their biology, morbidity and mortality resulting from lack of safe water and sanitation, changing distribution of these diseases, and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them. The scope of the volume will once again be international discussing anthropogenic and naturally occurring pollutants, pharmaceuticals, agricultural productivity, migration, nutrition, ecosystem dynamics, and the other areas addressed in the First Edition. The addition of Climate Change in the title is to emphasize that this vital subject will be addressed throughout the volume, including receiving special coverage in a chapter on climate change and human health, because of the importance of addressing current and anticipated changes due to climate change even more so than to the extent related concerns were raised in the First Edition thanks to added knowledge now available. Transformations now apparent and expected from climate change along with other dynamic changes in health and environmental influences throughout the world are part of the reality that has motivated authors from the First Edition and a new author, thus far, who are now writing eighteen chapters for the Second Edition. The realization of the widespread use of the current volume and its accompanying material has, naturally, been a major factor in encouraging their participation. It is imperative that discussion of water and sanitation- related diseases and interconnected environmental concerns be approached from a multi-factorial perspective. This involves discussion of water access and quality, sanitation and hygiene, specifics about the most prevalent diseases, and environmental factors, and guidelines and solutions. The First Edition begins to fill that niche in a format conducive to continuing discussion and graduate education, and that provides guidance with examples of successful preventive measures and interventions. The Second Edition will not only build on the substantial coverage of the First Edition, but also add new emphasis on climate change and the international nature of many of the diseases and pollutants discussed such as cryptosporidiosis, giardia, lead poisoning, harmful algal blooms, malnutrition and undernutrition, and soil- transmitted helminths (or worms). This will include coverage of the huge human migrations and the problems they face, the effects of population on the depletion of fresh water, and urban situations. Efforts underway to meet the new Sustainable Development Goals, reduce open-defecation, and to address crumbing infrastructures in many parts of the world, are among the features of the revised content. Pollution from pharmaceuticals addressed in the First Edition will also cover anti-biotic resistance which was covered in a separate chapter. Content will include updated chapters on the successful initiatives in Mexico "Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Survival in Mexico" and on the eradication of Guinea worm, now down to less than 500 cases in the world. New coverage of successful sanitation and hygiene initiatives will feature the many successful installations and use of facilities underway thanks to the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), and its Global Sanitation Fund"--Provided by publisher.

About the Editor

Janine M. H. Selendy, Co-Chairman, Founder, and Publisher, Horizon International, Yale University, New Haven, USA.

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