Applied organic chemistry : reaction mechanisms and experimental procedures in medicinal chemistry / Surya K. De.

By: De, Surya K [author.]
Language: English Publisher: Hoboken : Wiley, 2020Edition: First editionDescription: 1 online resourceContent type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9783527828173; 9783527828159Subject(s): Pharmaceutical chemistry | Organic compounds -- SynthesisGenre/Form: Electronic books.DDC classification: 615.1/9 LOC classification: RS400Online resources: Full text is available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view
Contents:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 1 Preface xxiii About the Author xxv About the Book xxvii Acknowledgments xxix List of Abbreviations xxxi 1 Rearrangement Reactions 1 Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation or Rearrangement 1 Mechanism 2 Application 2 Experimental Procedure (from patent US 5142093A) 3 Dakin Oxidation (Reaction) 3 Mechanism 4 Application 4 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP0591799B) 4 Bamberger Rearrangement 5 Mechanism 5 Experimental Procedure (from patent CN102001954B) 6 Beckmann Rearrangement 6 Mechanism 6 Application 7 Experimental Procedure (general) 7 Preparation of Caprolactam (from patent US 3437655A) 7 Benzilic Acid Rearrangement 8 Mechanism 9 Application 9 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20100249451B) 9 Baker–Venkataraman Rearrangement 9 Mechanism 10 Application 10 Experimental Procedure (from patent CN105985306B) 10 Claisen Rearrangement 11 Mechanism 11 Application 12 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2016004632A1) 13 Eschenmoser–Claisen Rearrangement 13 Mechanism 13 Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement 14 Mechanism 14 Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement 15 Mechanism 15 Overman Rearrangement 15 Mechanism 16 Cope Rearrangement 16 Mechanism 17 Application 17 Experimental Procedure (from patent US 4421934A) 17 Curtius Rearrangement 17 Mechanism 18 Application 18 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP2787002A1) 19 Demjanov Rearrangement 19 Mechanism 20 Application 21 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [14], copyright 2008, American Chemical Society) 21 Tiffeneau–Demjanov Rearrangement 22 Mechanism 22 Application 23 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [10], copyright,The Royal Society of Chemistry) 23 Fries Rearrangement 23 Mechanism 24 Application 24 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9440940B2) 25 Favorskii Rearrangement 25 Mechanism 25 Application 26 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP3248959A2) 26 Fischer–Hepp Rearrangement 26 Mechanism 27 Experimental Procedure (general) 27 Hofmann Rearrangement (Hofmann degradation of amide) 28 Mechanism 28 Application 29 Experimental Procedure (from patent CN105153023B) 29 Hofmann–Martius Rearrangement 29 Mechanism 30 Experimental Procedure (from patent DD295338A5) 30 Lossen Rearrangement 31 Mechanism 31 Application 32 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP2615082B1) 32 Orton Rearrangement 32 Mechanism 33 Pinacol–Pinacolone Rearrangement 33 Mechanism 34 Application 34 Experimental Procedure (general) 34 Rupe Rearrangement/Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 34 Rupe Rearrangement 35 Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 35 Mechanism 35 Application 36 Experimental Procedure (from patent US4088681A) 36 Schmidt Rearrangement or Schmidt Reaction 36 Mechanism 37 Application 37 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2009026444A1) 38 Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement 38 Mechanism 38 Application 39 Wolff Rearrangement 39 Mechanism 39 Alternatively 40 Application 40 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9175041B2) 9175041B2 40 Arndt–Eistert Homologation or Synthesis 41 Mechanism 41 Application 42 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9399645B2) 42 Step 1 42 Step 2 42 Zinin Rearrangement or Benzidine and Semidine Rearrangements 42 Mechanism 43 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20090069602A1) 44 References 45 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation or Rearrangement 45 Dakin Oxidation or Reaction 47 Bamberger Rearrangement 48 Beckmann Rearrangement 48 Benzilic Acid Rearrangement 50 Baker–Venkataraman Rearrangement 51 Claisen Rearrangement/Eschenmoser–Claisen Rearrangement/Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement/Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement/Overman Rearrangement 52 Cope Rearrangement 53 Curtius Rearrangement 54 Demjanov Rearrangement 56 Tiffeneau–Demjanov Rearrangement 56 Fries Rearrangement 56 Favorskii Rearrangement 58 Fischer–Hepp Rearrangement 58 Hofmann Rearrangement (Hofmann Degradation of Amide) 59 Hofmann–Martius Rearrangement 60 Lossen Rearrangement 60 Orton Rearrangement 61 Pinacol–Pinacolone Rearrangement 62 Rupe Rearrangement/Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 62 Schmidt Rearrangement or Schmidt Reaction 63 Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement 64 Wolff Rearrangement 65 Arndt–Eistert Homologation or Synthesis 66 Zinin Rearrangement or Benzidine and Semidine Rearrangements 67 2 Condensation Reaction 69 Aldol Condensation Reaction 69 Application 70 Experimental Procedure (general) 71 Enantioselective Aldol Reaction (from patent US 6919456B2) 71 Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 72 Mechanism 72 Application 72 Experimental Procedure (from patent DE102013011081A1) 73 Evans Aldol Reaction 73 Mechanism 74 Application 74 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2013151161A1) 74 Henry Reaction 75 Mechanism 75 Application 76 Experimental Procedure (from patent US 6919456B2) 76 Preparation of Chiral Catalyst 76 Nitro-Aldol Reaction 76 Benzoin Condensation 76 Mechanism 77 Application 77 Experimental Procedure (from patent DE3019500C2) 78 Claisen Condensation 78 Mechanism 78 Application 79 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9884836B2) 79 Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensation 80 Mechanism 80 Application 81 Experimental Procedure (from patent JP2009512630A) 81 Dieckmann Condensation 81 Mechanism 82 Application 82 Experimental Procedure (from patent US 7132564 B2) 82 Knoevenagel Condensation 83 Mechanism 83 Application 84 Lumefantrine 84 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2010136360A2) 84 Pechmann Condensation (synthesis of coumarin) (also called von Pechmann condensation) 85 Mechanism 85 Application 86 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7202272B2) 86 Perkin Condensation or Reaction 86 Mechanism 87 Application 88 Experimental Procedure (from patent US4933001A) 88 Stobbe Condensation 88 Mechanism 89 Application 89 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20160137682A1) 90 References 90 Aldol Condensation Reaction 90 Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 93 Evans Aldol Reaction 96 Henry Reaction 98 Benzoin Condensation 99 Claisen Condensation 101 Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensation 102 Dieckmann Condensation 103 Knoevenagel Condensation 105 Pechmann Condensation 106 Perkin Condensation or Reaction 107 Stobbe Condensation 108 3 Olefination, Metathesis, and Epoxidation Reactions 111 Olefination 111 Corey–Winter Olefin Synthesis 111 Mechanism 112 Application 112 Experimental Procedure (from patent US5807866A) 112 Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction 113 Mechanism 113 Application 113 Experimental Procedure (from patent JPWO2015046403A1) 114 Julia–Lythgoe Olefination 114 Mechanism 115 Modified Julia Olefination 115 Mechanism 115 Application 116 Experimental Procedure (from patent CN103313983A) 116 Julia–Kocienski Olefination 117 Application 117 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2016125086A1) 118 Kauffmann Olefination 118 Mechanism 119 Application 119 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2014183211A1) 119 Peterson Olefination 119 Mechanism 120 Application 121 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2017149091A1) 121 Petasis Olefination 122 Mechanism 122 Application 123 Experimental Procedure (from patent US5087790A) 123 Tebbe Olefination 123 Mechanism 123 Application 124 Experimental Procedure (from patent US8809558B1) 124 Wittig Reaction or Olefination 124 Mechanism 125 Application 126 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2006045010A2) 126 Metathesis 127 Olefin Metathesis 127 Ring-Closing Metathesis 127 Mechanism 128 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20022018351A1) 128 Cross Metathesis 128 Ring-Opening Metathesis 128 Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) 129 Asymmetric Epoxidation 129 Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation 129 Mechanism 129 Application 130 Experimental Procedure (from patent DE102014107132A1) (For more experimental procedures see Chapter 15) 130 Jacobsen–Katsuki Asymmetric Epoxidation 130 Mechanism 131 Application 131 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7501535B2) 132 Shi Asymmetric Epoxidation 132 Mechanism 133 Application 133 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP1770095A1) 133 Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation 134 Mechanism 135 Application 135 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7472570B1) 136 Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation 136 Mechanism 137 Application 137 Experimental Procedure (from patent US8987504B2) 137 Woodward cis-Dihydroxylation 138 Mechanism 138 Application 139 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1997013780A1) 139 Prévost trans-Dihydroxylation Reaction 140 Mechanism 140 Application 141 References 141 Corey–Winter Olefin Synthesis 141 Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction 141 Julia–Lythgoe Olefination 143 Julia–Kocienski Olefination 144 Kauffmann Olefination 146 Peterson Olefination 146 Petasis Olefination 148 Tebbe Olefination 148 Wittig Reaction or Olefination 149 Metathesis 150 Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation 150 Jacobsen–Katsuki Asymmetric Epoxidation 152 Shi Asymmetric Epoxidation 153 Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation 155 Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation 156 Woodward cis-Dihydroxylation 158 Prévost trans-Dihydroxylation Reaction 158 4 Miscellaneous Reactions 161 Alder-Ene Reaction 161 Mechanism 161 Application 162 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015149068A1) 162 Appel Reaction 162 Mechanism 163 Application 163 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015134973A1) 163 Barton Decarboxylation 164 Mechanism 164 Application 165 Experimental Procedure (from patent US6080563A) 165 Barton Nitrite Photolysis (Barton nitrite ester reaction) 166 Mechanism 166 Application 167 Experimental Procedure (from patent US3214427A) 167 Brown Hydroboration 167 Mechanism 168 Application 168 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1995013284A1) 168 Bucherer Reaction 169 Mechanism 169 Application 170 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [7], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society) 170 Chichibabin Reaction 170 Mechanism 171 Application 171 Experimental Procedure Amination of 3-Picoline (from patent EP0098684B1) 171 Chugaev Elimination Reaction 172 Mechanism 173 Application 173 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [10], copyright 2008, American Chemical Society) 173 Cannizzaro Reaction 173 Mechanism 174 Application 175 Experimental Procedure (general) 175 Cope Elimination Reaction 175 Mechanism 175 Application 176 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [3], copyright, Organic Syntheses) 176 Corey–Fuchs Reaction 176 Mechanism 177 Application 177 Experimental Procedure (from patent JP2015500210A) 178 Formation of Compound B 178 Formation of Compound C 178 Corey–Nicolaou Macrolactonization 178 Mechanism 179 Application 179 Experimental Procedure (patent US20060004107A1) 179 Danheiser Annulation 180 Mechanism 181 Danheiser Benzannulation 181 Mechanism 182 Application 182 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [22], Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society) 182 Diels–Alder Reaction 183 Normal Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reaction 183 Inverse electron Demand Diels–Alder Reaction 183 Hetero–Diels–Alder Reaction 183 Mechanism 184 Application 184 Experimental Procedure (from patent CA 2361682A1) 184 Dutt–Wormall Reaction 185 Mechanism 185 Étard Reaction 185 Mechanism 186 Application 186 Experimental Procedure (US8957255B2) 186 Finkelstein Reaction 187 Mechanism 187 Application 188 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2019134765A1) 188 Fischer–Speier Esterification 188 Mechanism 188 Experimental Procedure (general) 189 Mukaiyama Esterification 189 Mechanism 190 Application 190 Experimental Procedure (from patent US4206310A) 190 Yamaguchi Esterification 191 Mechanism 191 Application 192 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO 2019033219A1) 192 Grignard Reaction 193 Mechanism 193 Application 194 Experimental Procedure (general) 194 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1994028886A1) 195 Gabriel Synthesis 195 Mechanism 196 Application 196 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9540358B2) 197 Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction 197 Mechanism 198 Application 198 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO199101199A1) 199 Hofmann Elimination or Exhaustive Methylation 199 Mechanism 199 Application 200 Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction 200 Mechanism 201 Application 201 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2019093776A1) 201 Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction 202 Click Chemistry 202 Mechanism 203 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008124703A2) 203 Hunsdiecker Reaction 203 Mechanism 204 Application 204 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2017060906A1) 204 Keck Asymmetric Allylation 204 Mechanism 205 Application 205 Experimental Procedure (from patent US6603023B2) 205 Thionation Reaction (Lawesson’s Reagent) 206 Mechanism 207 Application 207 Experimental Procedure (general) 207 Michael Addition or Reaction 208 Mechanism 208 Application 209 Experimental Procedure (Aza-Michael Addition) (from patent CN102348693B) 209 Mitsunobu Reaction 209 Mechanism 210 Application 211 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20170145017A1) 211 Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (Baylis–Hillman Reaction) 211 Mechanism 212 Application 213 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20060094739A1) 213 Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction 213 Mechanism 214 Application 214 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20190337964A1) 214 Paterno–Büchi Reaction 215 Mechanism 215 Application 215 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [29], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society) 216 Pauson–Khand Reaction 216 Mechanism 217 Application 217 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2003080552A2) 217 Reformatsky Reaction 218 Mechanism 218 Application 219 Experimental Procedure (from patent US6924386B2) 219 Ritter Reaction 220 Mechanism 220 Application 221 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1996036629A1) 221 Robinson Annulation 221 Mechanism 222 Application 222 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2018226102A1) 223 Sandmeyer Reaction 223 Mechanism 224 Application 224 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO20100234652A1) 224 Schotten–Baumann Reaction 225 Mechanism 225 Amide Formation 225 Ester Formation 225 Application 226 Simmons–Smith Reaction 226 Mechanism 227 Application 227 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7019172B2) 228 Stork Enamine Synthesis 228 Mechanism 229 Application 230 Experimental Procedure (from patent US2773099A) 230 Tishchenko Reaction 230 Mechanism 231 Application 231 Experimental Procedure (from Reference [38], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society) 231 Ullmann Coupling or Biaryl Synthesis 232 Mechanism 232 Application 233 Ullmann Biaryl Ether and Biaryl Amine Synthesis/Ullman Condensation 233 Ullmann Biaryl Ether Synthesis 233 Goldberg Reaction (biaryl amines) 233 Ullmann-Type Reaction/Ullmann Condensation 234 Mechanism 234 Application 234 Experimental Procedure (from Patent WO1999018057A1) 234 Weinreb Ketone Synthesis 235 Mechanism 236 Application 237 Experimental Procedure (from patent US9399645B2) 237 Step 1 237 Step 2 237 Williamson Ether Synthesis 238 Mechanism 238 Application 238 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1994028886A1) 239 Wurtz Coupling or Reaction 239 Mechanism 239 Application 240 Wurtz–Fittig Reaction 240 Mechanism 240 References 240 Alder-Ene Reaction 240 Appel Reaction 242 Barton Decarboxylation 242 Barton Nitrite Photolysis (Barton Nitrite Ester Reaction) 244 Brown Hydroboration 244 Bucherer Reaction 246 Chichibabin Reaction 246 Chugaev Elimination Reaction 247 Cannizzaro Reaction 247 Cope Elimination Reaction 249 Corey–Fuchs Reaction 250 Corey–Nicolaou Macrolactonization 250 Danheiser Annulation/Danheiser Benzannulation 251 Diels–Alder Reaction 252 Dutt–Wormall Reaction 253 Étard Reaction 253 Finkelstein Reaction 254 Fischer–Speier Esterification 255 Mukaiyama Esterification 255 Yamaguchi Esterification 256 Grignard Reaction 257 Gabriel Synthesis 258 Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction 259 Hofmann Elimination or Exhaustive Methylation 259 Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction 260 Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction/Click Chemistry 262 Hunsdiecker Reaction 262 Keck Asymmetric Allylation 263 Thionation Reaction (Lawesson’s Reagent) 264 Michael Addition or Reaction 265 Mitsunobu Reaction 266 Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (Baylis–Hillman Reaction) 268 Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction 270 Paterno–Büchi Reaction 271 Pauson–Khand Reaction 272 Reformatsky Reaction 274 Ritter Reaction 276 Robinson Annulation 277 Sandmeyer Reaction 279 Schotten–Baumann Reaction 280 Simmons–Smith Reaction 281 Stork Enamine Synthesis 282 Tishchenko Reaction 283 Ullmann Coupling or Biaryl Synthesis 285 Ullmann Biaryl Ether and Biaryl Amine Synthesis/Ullman Condensation 286 Weinreb Ketone Synthesis 287 Williamson Ether Synthesis 289 Wurtz Coupling or Reaction 290 Wurtz–Fittig Reaction 290 5 Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution Reactions 293 Bardhan–Sengupta Synthesis 293 Mechanism 293 Bogert–Cook Reaction or Synthesis of Phenanthrene 294 Mechanism 294 Friedel–Crafts Reaction 295 Friedel–Crafts acylation 295 Friedel–Crafts alkylation 295 Mechanism 296 Mechanism for Friedel–Crafts Alkylation 297 Application 297 Experimental Procedure (from patent US4814508A) 298 Gattermann Aldehyde Synthesis 298 Mechanism 299 Experimental Procedure (from patent US2067237A) 299 Gattermann–Koch Aldehyde Synthesis 300 Mechanism 300 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2002020447A1) 301 Haworth Reaction 301 Mechanism 303 Experimental Procedure (from patent CN106977377A) 304 Houben–Hoesch Reaction 304 Mechanism 305 Application 306 Experimental Procedure (from patent EP0431871A2) 306 Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction 306 Mechanism 307 Application 307 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7582787B2) 307 Reimer–Tiemann Reaction 308 Mechanism 308 Application 310 Experimental Procedure (from patent US4324922A) 310 Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction 311 Mechanism 312 Application 313 Experimental Procedure (from patent US5599966A) 313 References 313 Bardhan–Sengupta Synthesis 313 Bogert–Cook Reaction or Synthesis of Phenanthrene 314 Friedel–Crafts Reaction 314 Gattermann Aldehyde Synthesis 317 Gattermann–Koch Aldehyde Synthesis 317 Haworth Reaction 318 Houben–Hoesch Reaction 318 Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction 319 Reimer–Tiemann Reaction 319 Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction 320 6 Pd-Catalyzed C—C Bond-Forming Reactions 323 Suzuki Coupling Reaction 323 Mechanism 324 Application 325 Experimental Procedure (General) 325 Heck Coupling Reaction (Mizoroki–Heck Reaction) 325 Mechanism 326 Application 327 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008138938A2) 327 Negishi Coupling Reaction 328 Mechanism 328 Application 329 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2010026121) 329 Stille Coupling Reaction (Migita–Kosugi–Stille Coupling Reaction) 330 Mechanism 330 Application 330 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008012440A2) 331 Sonogashira Coupling Reaction 331 Mechanism 332 Application 332 Experimental Procedure (General) 333 Kumada Cross-Coupling 333 Mechanism 334 Application 335 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015144799) 335 Hiyama Coupling Reaction 335 Mechanism 336 Application 336 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20022018351A1) 336 Liebeskind–Srogl Coupling Reaction 337 Mechanism 337 Application 338 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008030840A2) 338 Fukuyama Coupling Reaction 338 Mechanism 339 Application 339 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20150336915A1) 339 Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reaction (Buchwald–Hartwig Amination) 340 Mechanism 340 Buchwald–Hartwig Amination 340 Application 341 Experimental Procedure (from patent US7442800B2) 341 Tsuji–Trost Allylation 341 Mechanism 342 Application 343 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20190270700A1) 343 References 343 Suzuki Coupling Reaction 343 Heck Coupling Reaction (Mizoroki–Heck Reaction) 345 Negishi Coupling Reaction 347 Stille Coupling Reaction (Migita–Kosugi–Stille Coupling Reaction) 349 Sonogashira Coupling Reaction 351 Kumada Cross-Coupling 353 Hiyama Coupling Reaction 355 Liebeskind–Srogl Coupling Reaction 356 Fukuyama Coupling Reaction 357 Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reaction (Buchwald–Hartwig Amination) 358 Tsuji–Trost Allylation 360 7 Multicomponent Reaction 363 Biginelli Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 363 One of Plausible Mechanisms 364 Application 364 Experimental Procedure (from patent US810606062B1) 364 Gewald Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 365 Mechanism 365 Application 366 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20100081823A1) 366 Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis 366 Mechanism 367 Application 368 Experimental Procedure (from patent US8106062B1) 368 Mannich Reaction 369 Mechanism 369 Application 370 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2007011910A2) 370 Passerini Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 370 Mechanisms 371 Ionic Mechanism 371 Concerted Mechanism 372 Lactone Formation [3] 372 Application 372 Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1995002566A1) 373 Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis 373 Mechanism 374 Part 1: Formation of α-Aminonitrile 374 Part 2: Hydrolysis of the Nitrile 374 Application 375 Experimental Procedure (from patent US5169973A) 375 Ugi Reaction (4-Component Reaction [4-CR]) 375 Plausible ReactionMechanism 376 Application 377 Experimental Procedure (from patent US20150087600A1) 377 Asinger Reaction (4-Component Reaction [A-4CR]) 378 Application 378 References 379 Biginelli Reaction 379 Gewald Reaction 380 Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis 381 Mannich Reaction 382 Passerini Reaction 384 Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis 385 Ugi Reaction 386 Asinger Reaction 388 Volume 2 Preface xxi About the Author xxiii About the Book xxv Acknowledgments xxvii List of Abbreviations xxix 8 Oxidations and Reductions 389 9 Nomenclature and Application of Heterocyclic Compounds 449 10 Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Compounds Using Named Reactions 469 11 Protection and Deprotection of Common Functional Groups 507 12 Amino Acids and Peptides 519 13 Functional Group Transformation 543 14 Synthesis of Some Drug Molecules 565 15 Common Laboratory Methods 573 16 Common Reagents in Organic Synthesis 603 Appendix A List of Medicines (Partial) and Nutrients 671 Index 737
Summary: "The synthesis of natural products, bioactive compounds, pharmaceuticals, and drugs is of fundamental interest in modern organic chemistry. New reagents and reaction methods towards these molecules are being constantly developed. By understanding the mechanisms involved and scope and limitations of each reaction applied, organic chemists can further improve existing reaction protocols and develop novel efficient synthetic routes towards frequently used drugs, such as Aspirin or Penicillin"-- Provided by publisher.
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Includes index.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Surya K. De is the director at Supra Sciences, prior to this role, he was a principal scientist at Plex Pharmaceuticals and Collidion Inc. in San Diego, California (USA). He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Jadavpur University, Kolkata (India). His research interests focus on the development of new synthetic methodology in organic synthesis (e.g. multi-step reactions), catalyst development, drug design and discovery, as well as medicinal chemistry. He has authored more than 100 peer reviewed international journal contributions, fifteen patents, and one book. He is an Editorial board member of Current Organic Synthesis, Letters in Organic Chemistry, Current Catalysis, Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. He has been an elected fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) and an Alternate Councilor in the American Chemical Society (San Diego section).

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 1

Preface xxiii

About the Author xxv

About the Book xxvii

Acknowledgments xxix

List of Abbreviations xxxi

1 Rearrangement Reactions 1

Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation or Rearrangement 1

Mechanism 2

Application 2

Experimental Procedure (from patent US 5142093A) 3

Dakin Oxidation (Reaction) 3

Mechanism 4

Application 4

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP0591799B) 4

Bamberger Rearrangement 5

Mechanism 5

Experimental Procedure (from patent CN102001954B) 6

Beckmann Rearrangement 6

Mechanism 6

Application 7

Experimental Procedure (general) 7

Preparation of Caprolactam (from patent US 3437655A) 7

Benzilic Acid Rearrangement 8

Mechanism 9

Application 9

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20100249451B) 9

Baker–Venkataraman Rearrangement 9

Mechanism 10

Application 10

Experimental Procedure (from patent CN105985306B) 10

Claisen Rearrangement 11

Mechanism 11

Application 12

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2016004632A1) 13

Eschenmoser–Claisen Rearrangement 13

Mechanism 13

Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement 14

Mechanism 14

Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement 15

Mechanism 15

Overman Rearrangement 15

Mechanism 16

Cope Rearrangement 16

Mechanism 17

Application 17

Experimental Procedure (from patent US 4421934A) 17

Curtius Rearrangement 17

Mechanism 18

Application 18

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP2787002A1) 19

Demjanov Rearrangement 19

Mechanism 20

Application 21

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [14], copyright 2008, American Chemical Society) 21

Tiffeneau–Demjanov Rearrangement 22

Mechanism 22

Application 23

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [10], copyright,The Royal Society of Chemistry) 23

Fries Rearrangement 23

Mechanism 24

Application 24

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9440940B2) 25

Favorskii Rearrangement 25

Mechanism 25

Application 26

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP3248959A2) 26

Fischer–Hepp Rearrangement 26

Mechanism 27

Experimental Procedure (general) 27

Hofmann Rearrangement (Hofmann degradation of amide) 28

Mechanism 28

Application 29

Experimental Procedure (from patent CN105153023B) 29

Hofmann–Martius Rearrangement 29

Mechanism 30

Experimental Procedure (from patent DD295338A5) 30

Lossen Rearrangement 31

Mechanism 31

Application 32

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP2615082B1) 32

Orton Rearrangement 32

Mechanism 33

Pinacol–Pinacolone Rearrangement 33

Mechanism 34

Application 34

Experimental Procedure (general) 34

Rupe Rearrangement/Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 34

Rupe Rearrangement 35

Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 35

Mechanism 35

Application 36

Experimental Procedure (from patent US4088681A) 36

Schmidt Rearrangement or Schmidt Reaction 36

Mechanism 37

Application 37

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2009026444A1) 38

Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement 38

Mechanism 38

Application 39

Wolff Rearrangement 39

Mechanism 39

Alternatively 40

Application 40

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9175041B2) 9175041B2 40

Arndt–Eistert Homologation or Synthesis 41

Mechanism 41

Application 42

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9399645B2) 42

Step 1 42

Step 2 42

Zinin Rearrangement or Benzidine and Semidine Rearrangements 42

Mechanism 43

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20090069602A1) 44

References 45

Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation or Rearrangement 45

Dakin Oxidation or Reaction 47

Bamberger Rearrangement 48

Beckmann Rearrangement 48

Benzilic Acid Rearrangement 50

Baker–Venkataraman Rearrangement 51

Claisen Rearrangement/Eschenmoser–Claisen Rearrangement/Ireland–Claisen Rearrangement/Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement/Overman Rearrangement 52

Cope Rearrangement 53

Curtius Rearrangement 54

Demjanov Rearrangement 56

Tiffeneau–Demjanov Rearrangement 56

Fries Rearrangement 56

Favorskii Rearrangement 58

Fischer–Hepp Rearrangement 58

Hofmann Rearrangement (Hofmann Degradation of Amide) 59

Hofmann–Martius Rearrangement 60

Lossen Rearrangement 60

Orton Rearrangement 61

Pinacol–Pinacolone Rearrangement 62

Rupe Rearrangement/Meyer–Schuster Rearrangement 62

Schmidt Rearrangement or Schmidt Reaction 63

Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement 64

Wolff Rearrangement 65

Arndt–Eistert Homologation or Synthesis 66

Zinin Rearrangement or Benzidine and Semidine Rearrangements 67

2 Condensation Reaction 69

Aldol Condensation Reaction 69

Application 70

Experimental Procedure (general) 71

Enantioselective Aldol Reaction (from patent US 6919456B2) 71

Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 72

Mechanism 72

Application 72

Experimental Procedure (from patent DE102013011081A1) 73

Evans Aldol Reaction 73

Mechanism 74

Application 74

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2013151161A1) 74

Henry Reaction 75

Mechanism 75

Application 76

Experimental Procedure (from patent US 6919456B2) 76

Preparation of Chiral Catalyst 76

Nitro-Aldol Reaction 76

Benzoin Condensation 76

Mechanism 77

Application 77

Experimental Procedure (from patent DE3019500C2) 78

Claisen Condensation 78

Mechanism 78

Application 79

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9884836B2) 79

Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensation 80

Mechanism 80

Application 81

Experimental Procedure (from patent JP2009512630A) 81

Dieckmann Condensation 81

Mechanism 82

Application 82

Experimental Procedure (from patent US 7132564 B2) 82

Knoevenagel Condensation 83

Mechanism 83

Application 84

Lumefantrine 84

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2010136360A2) 84

Pechmann Condensation (synthesis of coumarin) (also called von Pechmann condensation) 85

Mechanism 85

Application 86

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7202272B2) 86

Perkin Condensation or Reaction 86

Mechanism 87

Application 88

Experimental Procedure (from patent US4933001A) 88

Stobbe Condensation 88

Mechanism 89

Application 89

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20160137682A1) 90

References 90

Aldol Condensation Reaction 90

Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction 93

Evans Aldol Reaction 96

Henry Reaction 98

Benzoin Condensation 99

Claisen Condensation 101

Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensation 102

Dieckmann Condensation 103

Knoevenagel Condensation 105

Pechmann Condensation 106

Perkin Condensation or Reaction 107

Stobbe Condensation 108

3 Olefination, Metathesis, and Epoxidation Reactions 111

Olefination 111

Corey–Winter Olefin Synthesis 111

Mechanism 112

Application 112

Experimental Procedure (from patent US5807866A) 112

Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction 113

Mechanism 113

Application 113

Experimental Procedure (from patent JPWO2015046403A1) 114

Julia–Lythgoe Olefination 114

Mechanism 115

Modified Julia Olefination 115

Mechanism 115

Application 116

Experimental Procedure (from patent CN103313983A) 116

Julia–Kocienski Olefination 117

Application 117

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2016125086A1) 118

Kauffmann Olefination 118

Mechanism 119

Application 119

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2014183211A1) 119

Peterson Olefination 119

Mechanism 120

Application 121

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2017149091A1) 121

Petasis Olefination 122

Mechanism 122

Application 123

Experimental Procedure (from patent US5087790A) 123

Tebbe Olefination 123

Mechanism 123

Application 124

Experimental Procedure (from patent US8809558B1) 124

Wittig Reaction or Olefination 124

Mechanism 125

Application 126

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2006045010A2) 126

Metathesis 127

Olefin Metathesis 127

Ring-Closing Metathesis 127

Mechanism 128

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20022018351A1) 128

Cross Metathesis 128

Ring-Opening Metathesis 128

Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) 129

Asymmetric Epoxidation 129

Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation 129

Mechanism 129

Application 130

Experimental Procedure (from patent DE102014107132A1) (For more experimental procedures see Chapter 15) 130

Jacobsen–Katsuki Asymmetric Epoxidation 130

Mechanism 131

Application 131

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7501535B2) 132

Shi Asymmetric Epoxidation 132

Mechanism 133

Application 133

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP1770095A1) 133

Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation 134

Mechanism 135

Application 135

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7472570B1) 136

Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation 136

Mechanism 137

Application 137

Experimental Procedure (from patent US8987504B2) 137

Woodward cis-Dihydroxylation 138

Mechanism 138

Application 139

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1997013780A1) 139

Prévost trans-Dihydroxylation Reaction 140

Mechanism 140

Application 141

References 141

Corey–Winter Olefin Synthesis 141

Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Reaction 141

Julia–Lythgoe Olefination 143

Julia–Kocienski Olefination 144

Kauffmann Olefination 146

Peterson Olefination 146

Petasis Olefination 148

Tebbe Olefination 148

Wittig Reaction or Olefination 149

Metathesis 150

Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation 150

Jacobsen–Katsuki Asymmetric Epoxidation 152

Shi Asymmetric Epoxidation 153

Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation 155

Sharpless Asymmetric Aminohydroxylation 156

Woodward cis-Dihydroxylation 158

Prévost trans-Dihydroxylation Reaction 158

4 Miscellaneous Reactions 161

Alder-Ene Reaction 161

Mechanism 161

Application 162

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015149068A1) 162

Appel Reaction 162

Mechanism 163

Application 163

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015134973A1) 163

Barton Decarboxylation 164

Mechanism 164

Application 165

Experimental Procedure (from patent US6080563A) 165

Barton Nitrite Photolysis (Barton nitrite ester reaction) 166

Mechanism 166

Application 167

Experimental Procedure (from patent US3214427A) 167

Brown Hydroboration 167

Mechanism 168

Application 168

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1995013284A1) 168

Bucherer Reaction 169

Mechanism 169

Application 170

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [7], copyright 2020, American Chemical Society) 170

Chichibabin Reaction 170

Mechanism 171

Application 171

Experimental Procedure Amination of 3-Picoline (from patent EP0098684B1) 171

Chugaev Elimination Reaction 172

Mechanism 173

Application 173

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [10], copyright 2008, American Chemical Society) 173

Cannizzaro Reaction 173

Mechanism 174

Application 175

Experimental Procedure (general) 175

Cope Elimination Reaction 175

Mechanism 175

Application 176

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [3], copyright, Organic Syntheses) 176

Corey–Fuchs Reaction 176

Mechanism 177

Application 177

Experimental Procedure (from patent JP2015500210A) 178

Formation of Compound B 178

Formation of Compound C 178

Corey–Nicolaou Macrolactonization 178

Mechanism 179

Application 179

Experimental Procedure (patent US20060004107A1) 179

Danheiser Annulation 180

Mechanism 181

Danheiser Benzannulation 181

Mechanism 182

Application 182

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [22], Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society) 182

Diels–Alder Reaction 183

Normal Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reaction 183

Inverse electron Demand Diels–Alder Reaction 183

Hetero–Diels–Alder Reaction 183

Mechanism 184

Application 184

Experimental Procedure (from patent CA 2361682A1) 184

Dutt–Wormall Reaction 185

Mechanism 185

Étard Reaction 185

Mechanism 186

Application 186

Experimental Procedure (US8957255B2) 186

Finkelstein Reaction 187

Mechanism 187

Application 188

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2019134765A1) 188

Fischer–Speier Esterification 188

Mechanism 188

Experimental Procedure (general) 189

Mukaiyama Esterification 189

Mechanism 190

Application 190

Experimental Procedure (from patent US4206310A) 190

Yamaguchi Esterification 191

Mechanism 191

Application 192

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO 2019033219A1) 192

Grignard Reaction 193

Mechanism 193

Application 194

Experimental Procedure (general) 194

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1994028886A1) 195

Gabriel Synthesis 195

Mechanism 196

Application 196

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9540358B2) 197

Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction 197

Mechanism 198

Application 198

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO199101199A1) 199

Hofmann Elimination or Exhaustive Methylation 199

Mechanism 199

Application 200

Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction 200

Mechanism 201

Application 201

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2019093776A1) 201

Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction 202

Click Chemistry 202

Mechanism 203

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008124703A2) 203

Hunsdiecker Reaction 203

Mechanism 204

Application 204

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2017060906A1) 204

Keck Asymmetric Allylation 204

Mechanism 205

Application 205

Experimental Procedure (from patent US6603023B2) 205

Thionation Reaction (Lawesson’s Reagent) 206

Mechanism 207

Application 207

Experimental Procedure (general) 207

Michael Addition or Reaction 208

Mechanism 208

Application 209

Experimental Procedure (Aza-Michael Addition) (from patent CN102348693B) 209

Mitsunobu Reaction 209

Mechanism 210

Application 211

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20170145017A1) 211

Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (Baylis–Hillman Reaction) 211

Mechanism 212

Application 213

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20060094739A1) 213

Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction 213

Mechanism 214

Application 214

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20190337964A1) 214

Paterno–Büchi Reaction 215

Mechanism 215

Application 215

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [29], copyright 2019, American Chemical Society) 216

Pauson–Khand Reaction 216

Mechanism 217

Application 217

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2003080552A2) 217

Reformatsky Reaction 218

Mechanism 218

Application 219

Experimental Procedure (from patent US6924386B2) 219

Ritter Reaction 220

Mechanism 220

Application 221

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1996036629A1) 221

Robinson Annulation 221

Mechanism 222

Application 222

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2018226102A1) 223

Sandmeyer Reaction 223

Mechanism 224

Application 224

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO20100234652A1) 224

Schotten–Baumann Reaction 225

Mechanism 225

Amide Formation 225

Ester Formation 225

Application 226

Simmons–Smith Reaction 226

Mechanism 227

Application 227

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7019172B2) 228

Stork Enamine Synthesis 228

Mechanism 229

Application 230

Experimental Procedure (from patent US2773099A) 230

Tishchenko Reaction 230

Mechanism 231

Application 231

Experimental Procedure (from Reference [38], copyright 2012, American Chemical Society) 231

Ullmann Coupling or Biaryl Synthesis 232

Mechanism 232

Application 233

Ullmann Biaryl Ether and Biaryl Amine Synthesis/Ullman Condensation 233

Ullmann Biaryl Ether Synthesis 233

Goldberg Reaction (biaryl amines) 233

Ullmann-Type Reaction/Ullmann Condensation 234

Mechanism 234

Application 234

Experimental Procedure (from Patent WO1999018057A1) 234

Weinreb Ketone Synthesis 235

Mechanism 236

Application 237

Experimental Procedure (from patent US9399645B2) 237

Step 1 237

Step 2 237

Williamson Ether Synthesis 238

Mechanism 238

Application 238

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1994028886A1) 239

Wurtz Coupling or Reaction 239

Mechanism 239

Application 240

Wurtz–Fittig Reaction 240

Mechanism 240

References 240

Alder-Ene Reaction 240

Appel Reaction 242

Barton Decarboxylation 242

Barton Nitrite Photolysis (Barton Nitrite Ester Reaction) 244

Brown Hydroboration 244

Bucherer Reaction 246

Chichibabin Reaction 246

Chugaev Elimination Reaction 247

Cannizzaro Reaction 247

Cope Elimination Reaction 249

Corey–Fuchs Reaction 250

Corey–Nicolaou Macrolactonization 250

Danheiser Annulation/Danheiser Benzannulation 251

Diels–Alder Reaction 252

Dutt–Wormall Reaction 253

Étard Reaction 253

Finkelstein Reaction 254

Fischer–Speier Esterification 255

Mukaiyama Esterification 255

Yamaguchi Esterification 256

Grignard Reaction 257

Gabriel Synthesis 258

Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky Reaction 259

Hofmann Elimination or Exhaustive Methylation 259

Hosomi–Sakurai Reaction 260

Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction/Click Chemistry 262

Hunsdiecker Reaction 262

Keck Asymmetric Allylation 263

Thionation Reaction (Lawesson’s Reagent) 264

Michael Addition or Reaction 265

Mitsunobu Reaction 266

Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction (Baylis–Hillman Reaction) 268

Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction 270

Paterno–Büchi Reaction 271

Pauson–Khand Reaction 272

Reformatsky Reaction 274

Ritter Reaction 276

Robinson Annulation 277

Sandmeyer Reaction 279

Schotten–Baumann Reaction 280

Simmons–Smith Reaction 281

Stork Enamine Synthesis 282

Tishchenko Reaction 283

Ullmann Coupling or Biaryl Synthesis 285

Ullmann Biaryl Ether and Biaryl Amine Synthesis/Ullman Condensation 286

Weinreb Ketone Synthesis 287

Williamson Ether Synthesis 289

Wurtz Coupling or Reaction 290

Wurtz–Fittig Reaction 290

5 Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution Reactions 293

Bardhan–Sengupta Synthesis 293

Mechanism 293

Bogert–Cook Reaction or Synthesis of Phenanthrene 294

Mechanism 294

Friedel–Crafts Reaction 295

Friedel–Crafts acylation 295

Friedel–Crafts alkylation 295

Mechanism 296

Mechanism for Friedel–Crafts Alkylation 297

Application 297

Experimental Procedure (from patent US4814508A) 298

Gattermann Aldehyde Synthesis 298

Mechanism 299

Experimental Procedure (from patent US2067237A) 299

Gattermann–Koch Aldehyde Synthesis 300

Mechanism 300

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2002020447A1) 301

Haworth Reaction 301

Mechanism 303

Experimental Procedure (from patent CN106977377A) 304

Houben–Hoesch Reaction 304

Mechanism 305

Application 306

Experimental Procedure (from patent EP0431871A2) 306

Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction 306

Mechanism 307

Application 307

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7582787B2) 307

Reimer–Tiemann Reaction 308

Mechanism 308

Application 310

Experimental Procedure (from patent US4324922A) 310

Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction 311

Mechanism 312

Application 313

Experimental Procedure (from patent US5599966A) 313

References 313

Bardhan–Sengupta Synthesis 313

Bogert–Cook Reaction or Synthesis of Phenanthrene 314

Friedel–Crafts Reaction 314

Gattermann Aldehyde Synthesis 317

Gattermann–Koch Aldehyde Synthesis 317

Haworth Reaction 318

Houben–Hoesch Reaction 318

Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction 319

Reimer–Tiemann Reaction 319

Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction 320

6 Pd-Catalyzed C—C Bond-Forming Reactions 323

Suzuki Coupling Reaction 323

Mechanism 324

Application 325

Experimental Procedure (General) 325

Heck Coupling Reaction (Mizoroki–Heck Reaction) 325

Mechanism 326

Application 327

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008138938A2) 327

Negishi Coupling Reaction 328

Mechanism 328

Application 329

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2010026121) 329

Stille Coupling Reaction (Migita–Kosugi–Stille Coupling Reaction) 330

Mechanism 330

Application 330

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008012440A2) 331

Sonogashira Coupling Reaction 331

Mechanism 332

Application 332

Experimental Procedure (General) 333

Kumada Cross-Coupling 333

Mechanism 334

Application 335

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2015144799) 335

Hiyama Coupling Reaction 335

Mechanism 336

Application 336

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20022018351A1) 336

Liebeskind–Srogl Coupling Reaction 337

Mechanism 337

Application 338

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2008030840A2) 338

Fukuyama Coupling Reaction 338

Mechanism 339

Application 339

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20150336915A1) 339

Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reaction (Buchwald–Hartwig Amination) 340

Mechanism 340

Buchwald–Hartwig Amination 340

Application 341

Experimental Procedure (from patent US7442800B2) 341

Tsuji–Trost Allylation 341

Mechanism 342

Application 343

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20190270700A1) 343

References 343

Suzuki Coupling Reaction 343

Heck Coupling Reaction (Mizoroki–Heck Reaction) 345

Negishi Coupling Reaction 347

Stille Coupling Reaction (Migita–Kosugi–Stille Coupling Reaction) 349

Sonogashira Coupling Reaction 351

Kumada Cross-Coupling 353

Hiyama Coupling Reaction 355

Liebeskind–Srogl Coupling Reaction 356

Fukuyama Coupling Reaction 357

Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reaction (Buchwald–Hartwig Amination) 358

Tsuji–Trost Allylation 360

7 Multicomponent Reaction 363

Biginelli Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 363

One of Plausible Mechanisms 364

Application 364

Experimental Procedure (from patent US810606062B1) 364

Gewald Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 365

Mechanism 365

Application 366

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20100081823A1) 366

Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis 366

Mechanism 367

Application 368

Experimental Procedure (from patent US8106062B1) 368

Mannich Reaction 369

Mechanism 369

Application 370

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO2007011910A2) 370

Passerini Reaction (3-Component Reaction [3-CR]) 370

Mechanisms 371

Ionic Mechanism 371

Concerted Mechanism 372

Lactone Formation [3] 372

Application 372

Experimental Procedure (from patent WO1995002566A1) 373

Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis 373

Mechanism 374

Part 1: Formation of α-Aminonitrile 374

Part 2: Hydrolysis of the Nitrile 374

Application 375

Experimental Procedure (from patent US5169973A) 375

Ugi Reaction (4-Component Reaction [4-CR]) 375

Plausible ReactionMechanism 376

Application 377

Experimental Procedure (from patent US20150087600A1) 377

Asinger Reaction (4-Component Reaction [A-4CR]) 378

Application 378

References 379

Biginelli Reaction 379

Gewald Reaction 380

Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis 381

Mannich Reaction 382

Passerini Reaction 384

Strecker Amino Acid Synthesis 385

Ugi Reaction 386

Asinger Reaction 388

Volume 2

Preface xxi

About the Author xxiii

About the Book xxv

Acknowledgments xxvii

List of Abbreviations xxix

8 Oxidations and Reductions 389

9 Nomenclature and Application of Heterocyclic Compounds 449

10 Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Compounds Using Named Reactions 469

11 Protection and Deprotection of Common Functional Groups 507

12 Amino Acids and Peptides 519

13 Functional Group Transformation 543

14 Synthesis of Some Drug Molecules 565

15 Common Laboratory Methods 573

16 Common Reagents in Organic Synthesis 603

Appendix A List of Medicines (Partial) and Nutrients 671

Index 737

"The synthesis of natural products, bioactive compounds, pharmaceuticals, and drugs is of fundamental interest in modern organic chemistry. New reagents and reaction methods towards these molecules are being constantly developed. By understanding the mechanisms involved and scope and limitations of each reaction applied, organic chemists can further improve existing reaction protocols and develop novel efficient synthetic routes towards frequently used drugs, such as Aspirin or Penicillin"-- Provided by publisher.

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