Wind energy handbook / Tony Burton, Nick Jenkins, David Sharpe, Ervin Bossanyi, Michael Graham.
By: Burton, Tony [author.]
Contributor(s): Jenkins, Nick [author.] | Sharpe, David [author.] | Bossanyi, Ervin [author.] | Graham, Michael [author.]
Language: English Publisher: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021Edition: Third editionDescription: 1 online resource (xlvii, 952 pages) ; illustrations (some color)Content type: text Media type: computer Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781119451143Subject(s): Wind power -- Handbooks, manuals, etcGenre/Form: Electronic books. DDC classification: 621.31/2136 LOC classification: TJ820Online resources: Full text available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view| Item type | Current location | Home library | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode | Item holds |
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EBOOK
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COLLEGE LIBRARY | COLLEGE LIBRARY LIC Gateway | 621.312136 B956 2021 (Browse shelf) | Available (In Process) | CL-52953 |
Tony Burton is a Civil Engineer recently retired from a post in offshore wind turbine support structure design with DNV GL in London, UK. He has worked for a major UK wind turbine manufacturer on the design, construction, commissioning, and operation of both medium and large-scale wind turbines.
Nick Jenkins is Professor of Renewable Energy at Cardiff University. He has over 14 years of industrial experience and is a Fellow of the IET, IEEE, and Royal Academy of Engineering.
Ervin Bossanyi is Senior Principal Researcher in renewables at DNV GL in Bristol, United Kingdom. He is also Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. He received the Scientific Award of the European Academy of Wind Energy for outstanding contributions to the development of wind energy.
David Sharpe is a Researcher in wind turbine aerodynamics, having previously been Senior Lecturer in aeronautical engineering at Queen Mary College and then Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology at Loughborough University. He is currently a visiting Professor at Strathclyde University.
Michael Graham is Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College in London, UK. His research foci are on environmental flows, computational fluid dynamics, and marine technology.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
About the Authors xxi
Preface to Second Edition xxiii
Preface to Third Edition xxv
Acknowledgements for the First Edition xxix
Acknowledgements for the Second Edition xxxi
Acknowledgements for the Third Edition xxxiii
List of Symbols xxxv
Figures C1 and C2 -- coordinate systems xlv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical development of wind energy 1
1.2 Modern wind turbines 6
1.3 Scope of the book 8
2 The wind resource 11
2.1 The nature of the wind 11
2.2 Geographical variation in the wind resource 13
2.3 Long-term wind speed variations 14
2.4 Annual and seasonal variations 14
2.5 Synoptic and diurnal variations 16
2.6 Turbulence 16
2.7 Gust wind speeds 30
2.8 Extreme wind speeds 31
2.9 Wind speed prediction and forecasting 35
2.10 Turbulence in complex terrain 37
3 Aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines 39
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 The actuator disc concept 41
3.3 Rotor disc theory 45
3.4 Vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc 49
3.5 Rotor blade theory (blade-element/momentum theory) 59
3.6 Actuator line theory, including radial variation 65
3.7 Breakdown of the momentum theory 66
3.8 Blade geometry 68
3.9 The effects of a discrete number of blades 77
3.10 Stall delay 92
3.11 Calculated results for an actual turbine 95
3.12 The performance curves 98
3.13 Constant rotational speed operation 102
3.14 Pitch regulation 106
3.15 Comparison of measured with theoretical performance 107
3.16 Estimation of energy capture 109
3.17 Wind turbine aerofoil design 113
3.18 Add-ons (including blade modifications independent of the main structure) 121
3.19 Aerodynamic noise 126
Appendix A.3 Lift and drag of aerofoils 133
A3.1 Drag 134
A3.2 The boundary layer 135
A3.3 Boundary layer separation 136
A3.4 Laminar and turbulent boundary layers and transition 138
A3.5 Definition of lift and its relationship to circulation 141
A3.6 The stalled aerofoil 145
A3.7 The lift coefficient 145
A3.8 Aerofoil drag characteristics 147
4 Further aerodynamic topics for wind turbines 153
4.1 Introduction 153
4.2 The aerodynamics of turbines in steady yaw 153
4.3 Circular wing theory applied to a rotor in yaw 180
4.4 Unsteady flow 189
4.5 Unsteady aerofoil aerodynamics 194
4.6 Dynamic stall 201
4.7 Computational fluid dynamics 207
5 Design loads for HAWTs 227
5.1 National and international standards 227
5.2 Basis for design loads 228
5.3 Turbulence and wakes 231
5.4 Extreme loads 233
5.5 Fatigue loading 240
5.6 Stationary blade loading 240
5.7 Blade loads during operation 248
5.8 Blade dynamic response 277
5.9 Blade fatigue stresses 302
5.10 Hub and low-speed shaft loading 309
5.11 Nacelle loading 312
5.12 Tower loading 315
5.13 Wind turbine dynamic analysis codes 325
5.14 Extrapolation of extreme loads from simulations 331
Appendix A.5 Dynamic response of stationary blade in turbulent wind 345
A5.1 Introduction 345
A5.2 Frequency response function 345
A5.3 Resonant displacement response ignoring wind variations along the blade 347
A5.4 Effect of across wind turbulence distribution on resonant displacement response 349
A5.5 Resonant root bending moment 352
A5.6 Root bending moment background response 354
A5.7 Peak response 355
A5.8 Bending moments at intermediate blade positions 358
6 Conceptual design of horizontal axis wind turbines 361
6.1 Introduction 361
6.2 Rotor diameter 361
6.3 Machine rating 370
6.4 Rotational speed 375
6.5 Number of blades 379
6.6 Teetering 388
6.7 Power control 391
6.8 Braking systems 398
6.9 Fixed-speed, two-speed, variable-slip, and variable-speed operation 400
6.10 Other drive trains and generators 411
6.11 Drive train mounting arrangement options 419
6.12 Drive train compliance 425
6.13 Rotor position with respect to tower 426
6.14 Tower stiffness 427
6.15 Multiple rotor structures 430
6.16 Augmented flow 435
6.17 Personnel safety and access issues 435
7 Component design 441
7.1 Blades 441
7.2 Pitch bearings 519
7.3 Rotor hub 521
7.4 Gearbox 524
7.5 Generator 537
7.6 Mechanical brake 548
7.7 Nacelle bedplate 555
7.8 Yaw drive 555
7.9 Tower 558
7.10 Foundations 570
8 The controller 579
8.1 Functions of the wind turbine controller 580
8.2 Closed-loop control: issues and objectives 583
8.3 Closed-loop control: general techniques 589
8.4 Closed-loop control: analytical design methods 617
8.5 Pitch actuators 629
8.6 Control system implementation 631
9 Wake effects and wind farm control 637
9.1 Introduction 637
9.2 Wake characteristics 638
9.3 Active wake control methods 652
9.4 Wind farm control and the grid system 658
10 Onshore wind turbine installations and wind farms 665
10.1 Project development 666
10.2 Landscape and visual impact assessment 678
10.3 Noise 687
10.4 Electromagnetic interference 698
10.5 Ecological assessment 706
11 Wind energy and the electric power system 717
11.1 Introduction 717
11.2 Wind turbine electrical systems 721
11.3 Wind farm electrical systems 730
11.4 Connection of wind farms to distribution networks 735
11.5 Grid codes and the connection of large wind farms to transmission networks 742
11.6 Wind energy and the generation system 750
11.7 Power quality 756
Appendix A.11 Simple calculations for the connection of wind turbines 766
A11.1 The per-unit system 766
A11.2 Power flows, slow voltage variations, and network losses 767
12 Offshore wind turbines and wind farms 771
12.1 Offshore wind farms 771
12.2 The offshore wind resource 776
12.3 Design loads 781
12.4 Machine size optimisation 822
12.5 Reliability of offshore wind turbines 824
12.6 Fixed support structures -- overview 828
12.7 Fixed support structures 829
12.8 Floating support structures 883
12.9 Environmental assessment of offshore wind farms 908
12.10 Offshore power collection and transmission systems 913
References 922
Appendix A.12 Costs of electricity 931
A12.1 Levelised cost of electricity 931
A12.2 Strike price and contract for difference 931
Index 933
"Fully revised and updated, this third edition addresses key developments in the wind technology since the second edition was published in 2011. Completely new sections on model predictive control; use of estimators for fault detection and fatigue monitoring; active power control; and wind farm control. After a brief introduction, the authors discuss the wind resource. Particular reference is made to wind turbulence due to its importance in wind turbine design. A discussion on the basis of the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines follows, incorporating general momentum theory and dynamic stall, and an analysis of their performance. The book goes on to assess the requirements for establishing design loads. Burton et al. also set out the various design options for horizontal axis wind turbines, discussing variable speed operation and reviewing alternative blade materials and their properties. They explain the functions of the wind turbine controller and describe some of the possible analysis techniques. The text also reviews the development of wind energy projects with particular emphasis on environmental impact, and considers how wind turbines interact with the electrical power system."-- Provided by publisher.
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