Data analysis and applications 2 : utilization of results in Europe and other topics Christos H. Skiadas, James R. Bozeman.

About the Authors
Christos H. Skiadas is the Founder and former Director of the Data Analysis and Forecasting Laboratory at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. He continues his work at the university at the ManLab in the Department of Production Engineering and Management.

James R. Bozeman holds a PhD in Mathematics from Dartmouth College, USA, and is Professor of Mathematics at the American University of Malta.

Table of contents

Preface xi

Introduction xiii
Gilbert SAPORTA

Part 1 Applications 1

Chapter 1 Context-specific Independence in Innovation Study 3
Federica NICOLUSSI and Manuela CAZZARO

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Parametrization for CS independencies 4

1.3 Stratified chain graph models 6

1.4 Application on real data 7

1.5 Conclusion 12

1.6 References 12

Chapter 2 Analysis of the Determinants and Outputs of Innovation in the Nordic Countries 15
Cátia ROSÁRIO, António Augusto COSTA and Ana LORGA DA SILVA

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Innovation 16

2.3 Methodology 19

2.4 Results 21

2.5 Conclusion 25

2.6 References 26

Chapter 3 Bibliometric Variables Determining the Quality of a Dentistry Journal 29
Pilar VALDERRAMA, Manuel ESCABIAS, Evaristo JIMÉNEZ-CONTRERAS, Mariano JVALDERRAMA and Pilar BACA

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Statistical methodology 30

3.3 Results 32

3.4 Conclusions 35

3.5 Acknowledgment 35

3.6 References 36

Chapter 4 Analysis of Dependence among Growth Rates of GDP of V4 Countries Using Four-dimensional Vine Copulas 37
Jozef KOMORNÍK, Magda KOMORNÍKOVÁ and Tomáš BACIGÁL

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Theory 38

4.3 Results 42

4.4 Conclusion and future work 45

4.5 Acknowledgment 47

4.6 References 47

Chapter 5 Monitoring the Compliance of Countries on Emissions Mitigation Using Dissimilarity Indices 49
Eleni KETZAKI, Stavros RALLAKIS, Nikolaos FARMAKIS and Eftichios SARTZETAKIS

5.1 Introduction 49

5.2 The proposed method 50

5.2.1 Description of method for individual data 51

5.2.2 Description of method for grouped data 52

5.3 Application of method 53

5.3.1 Application of method for individual data 54

5.3.2 Application of method for grouped data 55

5.4 Conclusions 55

5.5 Appendix 57

5.6 References 58

Chapter 6 Maximum Entropy and Distributions of Five-Star Ratings 59
Yiannis DIMOTIKALIS

6.1 Introduction 59

6.2 Entropy framework to five-star ratings 60

6.3 Maximum entropy of ratings for values k = 1,2,3,,30 66

6.3.1 Ratings with two outcomes (k = 1) 66

6.3.2 Ratings with three Outcomes (k=2) 69

6.3.3 Ratings with four outcomes (k=3) 73

6.3.4 Ratings with five outcomes (k = 4) 76

6.3.5 Ratings entropy for outcomes k>4 80

6.3.6 Maximum entropy constraints for the binomial distribution 82

6.4 Application to real five-star rating data 83

6.5 Conclusions 86

6.6 References 86

Part 2 The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis in Europe 89

Chapter 7 Access to Credit for SMEs after the 2008 Financial Crisis: The Northern Italian Perspective 91
Cinzia COLAPINTO and Mariangela ZENGA

7.1 Introduction 91

7.2 Italian SMEs and access to credit 92

7.3 The data 93

7.4 Methodology 94

7.5 Analysis and discussion 97

7.5.1 The measure for the Great Recession period (2008–2012) 97

7.5.2 The measure for the recovery period (2013–2015) 99

7.5.3 Comparing the two crisis phases 102

7.6 Conclusion 105

7.7 References 105

Chapter 8 Gender-Based Differences in the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labor Market Flows in Southern Europe 107
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU

8.1 Introduction 107

8.2 Data, methods and limitations 108

8.3 Results 111

8.4 Conclusions and discussion 111

8.5 References 119

Chapter 9 Measuring Labor Market Transition Probabilities in Europe with Evidence from the EU-SILC 121
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU

9.1 Introduction 121

9.2 Data, methods and limitations 122

9.3 Results 124

9.4 Conclusions 135

9.5 References 135

Part 3 Student Assessment and Employment in Europe 137

Chapter 10 Almost Graduated, Close to Employment? Taking into Account the Characteristics of Companies Recruiting at a University Job Placement Office 139
Franca CRIPPA, Mariangela ZENGA and Paolo MARIANI

10.1 Introduction 139

10.2 Recruiters and graduates seeking an HEI common ground 140

10.3 Web survey pitfalls: considerations for data collection 141

10.4 Sampled recruiters: an outline 144

10.5 Conclusion 146

10.6 References 146

Chapter 11 How Variation of Scores of the Programme for International Student Assessment can be Explained through Analysis of Information 149
Valérie GIRARDIN, Justine LEQUESNE and Olivier THÉVENON

11.1 Introduction 149

11.2 Multiplicative models and Zighera’s parameterization 151

11.3 Application to PISA surveys 155

11.3.1 Data and variables 155

11.3.2 Analysis of scores in mathematics 157

11.3.3 Conclusion 162

11.4 References 163

Part 4 Visualization 165

Chapter 12 A Topological Discriminant Analysis 167
Rafik ABDESSELAM

12.1 Introduction 167

12.2 Topological equivalence 168

12.3 Topological discriminant analysis 171

12.4 Application example 173

12.5 Conclusion and perspectives 175

12.6 Appendix 176

12.7 References 178

Chapter 13 Using Graph Partitioning to Calculate PageRank in a Changing Network 179
Christopher ENGSTRÖM and Sergei SILVESTROV

13.1 Introduction 179

13.1.1 Computing PageRank 181

13.2 Changes in personalization vector 182

13.3 Adding or removing edges between components 184

13.3.1 Computations in practice 186

13.3.2 Adding or removing an edge inside a component 187

13.3.3 Maintaining the component structure 189

13.4 Conclusions 190

13.5 References 191

Chapter 14 Visualizing the Political Spectrum of Germany by Contiguously Ordering the Party Policy Profiles 193
Andranik TANGIAN

14.1 Introduction 193

14.2 The model 195

14.3 Conclusions 206

14.4 References 206

List of Authors 209

Index 213