TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine /

1 TiO2 Nanoparticles: Properties and Applications 1
Ozioma U. Akakuru, Zubair M. Iqbal, and Aiguo Wu

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticles 2

1.2.1 Crystal Properties 2

1.2.2 Optical Properties 3

1.2.3 Electrochemical Properties 5

1.3 Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles 6

1.3.1 The Hydrothermal Method 6

1.3.2 Sol–Gel Method 8

1.3.3 Solvothermal Method 10

1.3.4 Chemical and Physical Vapor Deposition Method 11

1.3.5 Thermal Decomposition Method 12

1.3.6 Oxidation Method 13

1.4 Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles 14

1.4.1 Nanobiotechnology 14

1.4.2 Nanomedicine 17

1.4.3 Wastewater Treatment 21

1.4.4 Air Treatment 26

1.4.5 Energy Devices 29

1.4.6 Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production 30

1.4.7 Food and Cosmetics 34

1.4.8 Soil Remediation 35

1.4.9 Pesticides Removal 36

1.4.10 Paint and Paper Productions 40

1.5 Conclusion 41

Acknowledgments 42

References 42

2 Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles 67
Gohar I. Dar, Madiha Saeed, and Aiguo Wu

2.1 Introduction 67

2.2 Modes of Exposure, Biodistribution, Clearance, and Fate of TiO2 NPs 70

2.2.1 Inhalation 70

2.2.2 Oral Route 71

2.2.3 Injection 72

2.2.4 Dermal Route 73

2.3 Cell Death Pathways Induced by TiO2 NPs 74

2.3.1 Apoptosis 74

2.3.2 Autophagy 76

2.3.3 Crosstalk Between Apoptosis and Autophagy 76

2.3.4 Necrosis 77

2.4 Toxicity of TiO2 77

2.4.1 Cellular Uptake 78

2.4.2 Oxidative Stress Effectuates by TiO2 78

2.4.3 Genotoxicity 79

2.4.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 81

2.4.5 Carcinogenicity 81

2.4.6 Immunotoxicity of TiO2 NPs 83

2.4.7 Neurotoxicity of TiO2 NPs 83

2.4.8 Acute Toxicity of TiO2 84

2.4.9 Sub-acute Toxicity of TiO2 86

2.4.10 Sub-chronic Toxicity of TiO2 NPs 87

2.5 Alternative Perspective 88

2.6 Conclusion 89

Acknowledgments 89

References 89

3 Antibacterial Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles 105
Chen Xu, Jianjun Zheng, and Aiguo Wu

3.1 Introduction 105

3.2 Antibacterial Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticle 107

3.3 Ion-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Effect 113

3.4 Antibacterial Agent-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Effect 120

3.4.1 Ag-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles 120

3.4.2 Zn-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles 123

3.4.3 Cu-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles 123

3.5 Antibacterial Applications of TiO2-Based Nanoparticles 124

3.5.1 Medical Application 124

3.5.2 Environmental Application 125

3.5.3 Food Safety Application 126

3.6 Conclusion and Outlook 126

Acknowledgments 126

References 127

4 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectrum of TiO2 Nanoparticle for Biosensing (TiO2 Nanoparticle Served as SERS Sensing Substrate) 133
Jie Lin and Aiguo Wu

4.1 Introduction 133

4.2 SERS Effect of Nanomaterial Substrate 135

4.2.1 Mechanism of Non-metal SERS Platforms 135

4.2.2 Advantages for TiO2 SERS Substrate 136

4.2.3 SERS Mechanism of TiO2 SERS Substrate 137

4.2.4 Novel Methods to Improve TiO2 SERS Enhancement 139

4.3 TiO2 SERS Substrate Applied in Biosensing 144

4.3.1 Cell Capture on TiO2 Nanorod Arrays 144

4.3.2 Cell Capture Performance of TiO2 Coatings 147

4.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 150

Acknowledgments 151

References 151

5 Cancer Theranostics of White TiO2 Nanomaterials 153
Yang Gao, Sijia Sun, Zhibin Yin, Yanhong Liu, Aiguo Wu, and Leyong Zeng

5.1 Introduction 153

5.2 TiO2 as Inorganic Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy 154

5.2.1 Photodynamic Therapy Principle 154

5.2.2 Ultraviolet Light Responsive Photodynamic Therapy 155

5.2.3 980 nm Near-Infrared Light Responsive Photodynamic Therapy 156

5.2.4 808 nm Near-Infrared Light Responsive Photodynamic Therapy 158

5.2.5 Organic/Inorganic Dual-Mode Photodynamic Therapy 161

5.3 TiO2 as Sonosensitizer for Sonodynamic Therapy 162

5.3.1 Sonodynamic Therapy Principle 162

5.3.2 Sonodynamic Therapy 162

5.3.3 High Intensity-Focused Ultrasound Therapy 166

5.4 TiO2 as Multifunctional Nanoprobes for Visualized Theranostics 167

5.4.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Phototherapy 167

5.4.2 Fluorescent Imaging and Phototherapy 168

5.4.3 Multi-mode Imaging and Phototherapy 169

5.4.4 Drug Delivery and Synergistic Therapy 170

5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 172

Acknowledgments 173

References 173

6 Cancer Theranostics of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles 185
Ting Dai, Wenzhi Ren, and Aiguo Wu

6.1 Introduction 185

6.1.1 Limitations of White TiO2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 185

6.1.2 Advantages of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 186

6.2 Preparations and Properties of Black TiO2 Nanomaterials 187

6.2.1 Hydrogenation Reduction Method 187

6.2.2 Hydrogen Plasma Method 187

6.2.3 Chemical Reduction Method 188

6.2.4 Properties of Black TiO2 Nanomaterials 188

6.3 Black TiO2 for Phototherapy 189

6.3.1 Black TiO2 for Photothermal Therapy 190

6.3.2 Black TiO2 for Photodynamic Therapy 194

6.3.3 Black TiO2 for Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy 194

6.4 Black TiO2 for Imaging-Guided Phototherapy 195

6.5 Black TiO2 for Synergistic Chemo-phototherapy 199

6.6 Black TiO2−x for Synergistic of Sonodynamic–Photothermal Therapy 202

6.7 Overview and Further Perspective 205

Acknowledgments 207

References 207

7 Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnostics and Therapy of TiO2-Based Nanoparticles 217
Xiang Gao, Jieling Qin, Zhenqi Jiang, Juan Li, and Aiguo Wu

7.1 Introduction 217

7.2 The Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Disease 219

7.3 Traditional Diagnosis and Treatment for NDs 220

7.3.1 Current Methods for the Diagnosis of NDs 220

7.3.2 Current Medicine for the Treatment of NDs 220

7.4 Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of NDs 221

7.4.1 The Diagnosis of ND Using NPs 221

7.4.2 The Treatment of ND Using NPs as Drug Delivery 222

7.5 The Diagnosis of NDs Using TiO2 222

7.6 The Therapy of NDs Using TiO2 225

7.6.1 The Therapy of NDs Using TiO2 as Drug Delivery Platform 225

7.6.2 The Therapy of NDs Using TiO2 as Light-Responsive Material 226

7.7 The Dilemma Situation of TiO2 in the NDs 226

7.8 Conclusion 228

Acknowledgments 228

References 228

Index 237

A unique book that summarizes the properties, toxicology, and biomedical applications of TiO2-based nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for products used in our daily lives. Nanometer-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) are widely used in industry for different purposes, such as painting, sunscreen, printing, cosmetics, biomedicine, and so on. This book summarizes the advances of TiO2 based nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine, covering materials properties, toxicological research, and biomedical application, such as antibacter, biosensing, and cancer theranostics. It uniquely integrates the TiO2 applications from physical properties, toxicology to various biomedical applications, and includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics.

Beginning with a comprehensive introduction to the properties and applications of nanoparticles, TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine offers chapters on: Toxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Antibacterial Applications of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrum of TiO2 Nanoparticle for Biosensing (TiO2 Nanoparticle Served as SERS Sensing Substrate); TiO2 as Inorganic Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy; Cancer Theranostics of Black TiO2 Nanoparticles; and Neurodegenerative Disease Diagnostics and Therapy of TiO2-Based Nanoparticles. This title:

-Blends the physical properties, toxicology of TiO2 nanoparticles to the many biomedical applications
-Includes black TiO2 based cancer theranostics in its coverage
-Appeals to a broad audience of researchers in academia and industry working on nanomaterials-based biosensing, drug delivery, nanomedicine

TiO2 Nanoparticles: Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Theranostics and Nanomedicine is an ideal book for medicinal chemists, analytical chemists, biochemists, materials scientists, toxicologists, and those in the pharmaceutical industry.