Molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis / Robert E. Blankenship, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Includes bibliographical references.

Introduction to the second edition xi Acknowledgements xiii About the companion website xv Chapter 1 The basic principles of photosynthetic energystorage 1 1.1 What is photosynthesis? 1 <p>1.2 Photosynthesis is a solar energy storage process 2 <p>1.3 Where photosynthesis takes place 4 <p>1.4 The four phases of energy storage in photosynthesis 5 <p>References 9 <p>Chapter 2 Photosynthetic organisms and organelles 11 <p>2.1 Introduction 11 <p>2.2 Classification of life 12 <p>2.3 Prokaryotes and eukaryotes 14 <p>2.4 Metabolic patterns among living things 15 <p>2.5 Phototrophic prokaryotes 15 <p>2.6 Photosynthetic eukaryotes 21 <p>References 24 <p>Chapter 3 History and early development of photosynthesis27 <p>3.1 Van Helmont and the willow tree 27 <p>3.2 Carl Scheele, Joseph Priestley, and the discovery of oxygen27 <p>3.3 Ingenhousz and the role of light in photosynthesis 28 <p>3.4 Senebier and the role of carbon dioxide 29 <p>3.5 De Saussure and the participation of water 29 <p>3.6 The equation of photosynthesis 29 <p>3.7 Early mechanistic ideas of photosynthesis 30 <p>3.8 The Emerson and Arnold experiments 32 <p>3.9 The controversy over the quantum requirement ofphotosynthesis 34 <p>3.10 The red drop and the Emerson enhancement effect 35 <p>3.11 Antagonistic effects 36 <p>3.12 Early formulations of the Z scheme for photosynthesis37 <p>3.13 ATP formation 38 <p>3.14 Carbon fixation 38 <p>References 38 <p>Chapter 4 Photosynthetic pigments: structure and spectroscopy41 <p>4.1 Chemical structures and distribution of chlorophylls andbacteriochlorophylls 41 <p>4.2 Pheophytins and bacteriopheophytins 47 <p>4.3 Chlorophyll biosynthesis 47 <p>4.4 Spectroscopic properties of chlorophylls 50 <p>4.5 Carotenoids 54 <p>4.6 Bilins 57 <p>References 58 <p>Chapter 5 Antenna complexes and energy transfer processes59 <p>5.1 General concepts of antennas and a bit of history 59 <p>5.2 Why antennas? 60 <p>5.3 Classes of antennas 62 <p>5.4 Physical principles of antenna function 63 <p>5.5 Structure and function of selected antenna complexes 71 <p>5.6 Regulation of antennas 82 <p>References 84 <p>Chapter 6 Reaction centers and electron transport pathways inanoxygenic phototrophs 89 <p>6.1 Basic principles of reaction center structure and function90 <p>6.2 Development of the reaction center concept 90 <p>6.3 Purple bacterial reaction centers 91 <p>6.4 Theoretical analysis of biological electron transferreactions 96 <p>6.5 Quinone reductions, role of the Fe and pathways of protonuptake 98 <p>6.6 Organization of electron transfer pathways 101 <p>6.7 Completing the cycle the cytochrome bc1 complex103 <p>6.8 Membrane organization in purple bacteria 107 <p>6.9 Electron transport in other anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria108 <p>References 109 <p>Chapter 7 Reaction centers and electron transfer pathways inoxygenic photosynthetic organisms 111 <p>7.1 Spatial distribution of electron transport components inthylakoids of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms 111 <p>7.2 Noncyclic electron flow in oxygenic organisms 113 <p>7.3 Photosystem II structure and electron transfer pathway113 <p>7.4 Photosystem II forms a dimeric supercomplex in the thylakoidmembrane 114 <p>7.5 The oxygen-evolving complex and the mechanism of wateroxidation by Photosystem II 116 <p>7.6 The structure and function of the cytochrome b6f complex120 <p>7.7 Plastocyanin donates electrons to Photosystem I 122 <p>7.8 Photosystem I structure and electron transfer pathway123 <p>7.9 Ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase complete thenoncyclic electron transport chain 126 <p>References 129 <p>Chapter 8 Chemiosmotic coupling and ATP synthesis 133 <p>8.1 Chemical aspects of ATP and the phosphoanhydride bonds133 <p>8.2 Historical perspective on ATP synthesis 135 <p>8.3 Quantitative formulation of proton motive force 137 <p>8.4 Nomenclature and cellular location of ATP synthase 138 <p>8.5 Structure of ATP synthase 138 <p>8.6 The mechanism of chemiosmotic coupling 141 <p>References 143 <p>Chapter 9 Carbon metabolism 147 <p>9.1 The Calvin Benson cycle is the primary photosyntheticcarbon fixation pathway 147 <p>9.2 Photorespiration is a wasteful competitive process tocarboxylation 160 <p>9.3 The C4 carbon cycle minimizes photorespiration 163 <p>9.4 Crassulacean acid metabolism avoids water loss in plants166 <p>9.5 Algae and cyanobacteria actively concentrate CO2 168 <p>9.6 Sucrose and starch synthesis 169 <p>9.7 Other carbon fixation pathways in anoxygenic phototrophs173 <p>References 173 <p>Chapter 10 Genetics, assembly, and regulation ofphotosynthetic systems 177 <p>10.1 Gene organization in anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria177 <p>10.2 Gene expression and regulation of purple photosyntheticbacteria 179 <p>10.3 Gene organization in cyanobacteria 180 <p>10.4 Chloroplast genomes 181 <p>10.5 Pathways and mechanisms of protein import and targeting inchloroplasts 182 <p>10.6 Gene regulation and the assembly of photosyntheticcomplexes in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts 186 <p>10.7 The regulation of oligomeric protein stoichiometry 188 <p>References 189 <p>Chapter 11 The use of chlorophyll fluorescence to probephotosynthesis 193 <p>11.1 The time course of chlorophyll fluorescence 194 <p>11.2 The use of fluorescence to determine the quantum yield ofPhotosystem II 195 <p>11.3 Fluorescence detection of nonphotochemical quenching196 <p>11.4 The physical basis of variable fluorescence 197 <p>References 197 <p>12.1 Introduction 199 <p>Chapter 12 Origin and evolution of photosynthesis 199 <p>12.2 Early history of the Earth 199 <p>12.3 Origin and early evolution of life 200 <p>12.4 Geological evidence for life and photosynthesis 202 <p>12.5 The nature of the earliest photosynthetic systems 206 <p>12.6 The origin and evolution of metabolic pathways with specialreference to chlorophyll biosynthesis 207 <p>12.7 Evolutionary relationships among reaction centers and otherelectron transport components 212 <p>12.8 Do all photosynthetic reaction centers derive from a commonancestor? 214 <p>12.9 The origin of linked photosystems and oxygen evolution215 <p>12.10 Origin of the oxygen-evolving complex and the transitionto oxygenic photosynthesis 218 <p>12.11 Antenna systems have multiple evolutionary origins 221 <p>12.12 Endosymbiosis and the origin of chloroplasts 223 <p>12.13 Most types of algae are the result of secondaryendosymbiosis 226 <p>12.14 Following endosymbiosis, many genes were transferred tothe nucleus, and proteins were reimported to the chloroplast226 <p>12.15 Evolution of carbon metabolism pathways 229 <p>References 230 <p>Chapter 13 Bioenergy applications and artificialphotosynthesis 237 <p>13.1 Introduction 237 <p>13.2 Solar energy conversion 237 <p>13.3 What is the efficiency of natural photosynthesis? 239 <p>13.4 Calculation of the energy storage efficiency of oxygenicphotosynthesis 241 <p>13.5 Why is the efficiency of photosynthesis so low? 241 <p>13.6 How might the efficiency of photosynthesis be improved?242 <p>13.7 Artificial photosynthesis 243 <p>References 247 <p>Appendix: Light, energy, and kinetics 249 <p>Index 287

With the writing and accessible approach that have made it the authoritative introduction to the field of molecular photosynthesis, this book offers students and researchers topical coverage of bioenergy applications and artificial photosynthesis; advances in biochemical and genetic methods; as well as analytical techniques.