An introduction to the world's oceans / Keith A. Sverdrup, E.Virginia Armbrust.
By: Sverdrup, Keith A [author]
Contributor(s): Armbrust, E. Virginia (Elisabeth Virginia)
Publisher: Boston : McGraw-Hill Higher Education, c2008Edition: 9th edDescription: xx, 521 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 29 cmContent type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 0073254835 (alk. paper); 9780073254838 (alk. paper); 0072827017 (alk. paper); 9780072827019 (alk. paper)Subject(s): Oceanography -- TextbooksDDC classification: 551.46 LOC classification: GC11.2 | .D89 2008Online resources: Table of contents only | Publisher description | Contributor biographical information| Item type | Current location | Home library | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode | Item holds |
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COLLEGE LIBRARY | COLLEGE LIBRARY SUBJECT REFERENCE | 551.46 D958 2008 (Browse shelf) | Available | CITU-CL-42323 |
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| 551.22028 Ea768 2016 Earthquake seismology : tools, techniques and instrumentation / | 551.220287 K393 2002 The seismic wavefield / | 551.45 P692 1975 Planation surfaces : peneplains, pediplains, and etchplains / | 551.46 D958 2008 An introduction to the world's oceans / | 551.46 R819 2005 Fathoming the ocean : the discovery and exploration of the deep sea / | 551.46 Sv26 2003 An introduction to the world's oceans / | 551.46 Sv26 2003 An introduction to the world's oceans / |
Includes index.
Preface x
Guided Tour xiii
Chapter 1
The History of Oceanography 1
1.1 The Early Times 2
1.2 The Middle Ages 4
1.3 Voyages of Discovery 6
1.4 The Beginnings of Earth Science 8
1.5 The Importance of Charts and Navigational Information 8
Box: Marine Archaeology 10
1.6 Ocean Science Begins 12
1.7 The Challenger Expedition 14
1.8 Oceanography as Science 14
Field Notes: Planning and Executing a Successful
Oceanographic Expedition 18
1.9 Oceanography in the Twentieth Century 20
1.10 The Recent Past, the Present, and the Future of Oceanography 22
Summary 24
Chapter 2
The Water Planet 26
2.1 Beginnings 27
Origin of the Universe 27
Origin of Our Solar System 29
Extraterrestrial Oceans 30
Box: Origin of the Oceans 30
Early Planet Earth 32
2.2 Age and Time 33
Age of Earth 33
Geologic Time 33
Natural Time Periods 35
2.3 Shape of Earth 36
2.4 Location Systems 37
Latitude and Longitude 37
Chart Projections 39
Measuring Latitude 40
Longitude and Time 41
2.5 Modern Navigational Techniques 42
2.6 Earth: The Water Planet 44
Water on Earth?s Surface 44
Hydrologic Cycle 44
Reservoirs and Residence Time 45
Distribution of Land and Water 46
Oceans 46
Hypsographic Curve 49
Summary 50
Chapter 3
Plate Tectonics 52
3.2 Interior of Earth 53
Investigating Earth?s Structure 53
Internal Layers 55
3.2 Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 57
The Layers 57
Isostasy 58
3.3 Movement of the Continents 58
History of a Theory: Continental Drift 58
Evidence for a New Theory: Seafloor Spreading 59
Evidence for Crustal Motion 62
Polar Wandering Curves 68
3.4 Plate Tectonics 69
Plates and Their Boundaries 69
Divergent Boundaries 70
Transform Boundaries 74
Convergent Boundaries 76
Continental Margins 78
3.5 Motion of the Plates 78
Mechanisms of Motion 78
Rates of Motion 78
Hot Spots 79
Field Notes: Exploring the Oceans on Earth and Elsewhere 80
3.6 History of the Continents 83
The Breakup of Pangaea 83
Before Pangaea 84
Terranes 85
3.7 Research Projects and Plans 86
Project FAMOUS 86
Seafloor Spreading and Hydrothermal Vents 86
Hydrothermal Vent Communities 89
The Ocean Drilling Program 89
Box: Recovery of Black Smokers 90
Chapter 6
The Chemistry of Seawater 156
6.1 The pH of Seawater 157
6.2 Salts 158
Units of Concentration 158
Ocean Salinities 158
Dissolved Salts 160
Sources of Salt 161
Regulating the Salt Balance 162
Residence Time 163
Constant Proportions 163
Determining Salinity 164
6.3 Gases 164
Distribution with Depth 164
The Carbon Dioxide Cycle 166
The Oxygen Balance 166
Measuring the Gases 166
6.4 Other Substances 167
Nutrients 167
Box: Messages in Polar Ice 168
Organics 170
6.5 Practical Considerations: Salt and Water 170
Chemical Resources 170
Desalination 171
Summary 173
Chapter 7
The Structure and Motion
of the Atmosphere 175
7.1 Heating and Cooling Earth?s Surface 176
Distribution of Solar Radiation 176
Heat Budget 177
Annual Cycles of Solar Radiation 178
Heat Capacity 179
7.2 The Atmosphere 181
Structure of the Atmosphere 181
Composition of Air 182
Atmospheric Pressure 182
7.3 Greenhouse Gases 182
Carbon Dioxide and Greenhouse Effect 182
The Ozone Problem 185
7.4 The Role of Sulfur Compounds 186
7.5 The Atmosphere in Motion 186
Winds on a Nonrotating Earth 187
The Effects of Rotation 187
Wind Bands 189
Box: Ship Emissions 190
7.6 Modifying the Wind Bands 192
Seasonal Changes 192
Box: Clouds and Climate 194
The Monsoon Effect 196
The Topographic Effect 198
Jet Streams 198
Chapter 4
The Sea Floor and Its Sediments 96
4.1 Measuring the Depths 97
Box: Bathymetrics 99
4.1 Bathymetry of the Sea Floor 100
Continental Margin 100
Ocean Basin Floor 106
Ridges, Rises, and Trenches 107
Field Notes: Giant Hawaiian Landslides 108
4.2 Sediments 111
Particle Size 112
Location 113
Rates of Deposit 113
Source and Chemistry 114
Patterns of Deposit on the Sea Floor 118
Formation of Rock 120
Sampling Methods 121
Sediments as Historical Records 122
4.4 Seabed Resources 124
Sand and Gravel 124
Phosphorite 124
Sulfur 124
Coal 124
Oil and Gas 125
Gas Hydrates 125
Manganese Nodules 126
Sulfide Mineral Deposits 126
Laws and Treaties 127
Summary 127
Chapter 5
The Physical Properties of Water 131
5.1 The Water Molecule 132
5.2 Temperature and Heat 134
5.3 Changes of State 135
5.4 Heat Capacity 136
5.5 Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Viscosity 137
5.6 Density 137
The Effect of Pressure 137
The Effect of Temperature 138
The Effect of Salt 138
5.7 Dissolving Ability 139
5.8 Transmission of Energy 140
Heat 141
Light 141
Sound 144
5.9 Ice and Fog 146
Sea Ice 146
Icebergs 148
Box: Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate 148
Fog 152
Box: Green Icebergs 153
7.7 Hurricanes 199
7.8 El Nino--Southern Oscillation 199
7.9 Practical Considerations: Storm Tides and Storm Surges 204
Summary 205
Chapter 8
Circulation and Ocean Structure 208
8.1 Density Structure 209
Surface Processes 209
Changes with Depth 210
Density-Driven Circulation 210
8.2 Upwelling and Downwelling 212
8.3 The Layered Oceans 212
The Atlantic Ocean 213
The Pacific Ocean 213
The Indian Ocean 213
Comparing the Major Oceans 214
The Arctic Ocean 214
Box: Arctic Ocean Studies 216
Bordering Seas 218
Internal Mixing 218
8.4 Measurement Techniques 219
8.5 Practical Considerations: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 221
Box: Ocean Gliders 222
Summary 224
Chapter 9
The Surface Currents 227
9.1 Surface Currents 228
The Ekman Spiral and Ekman Transport 228
Ocean Gyres 229
Geostrophic Flow 229
9.2 Wind-Driven Ocean Currents 230
Pacific Ocean Currents 230
Atlantic Ocean Currents 231
Indian Ocean Currents 232
Arctic Ocean Currents 232
9.3 Current Flow 232
Current Speed 232
Western Intensification 232
9.4 Eddies 233
9.5 Convergence and Divergence 235
Langmuir Cells 235
Box: Ocean Drifters 236
Permanent Zones 238
Seasonal Zones 238
9.6 Changing Circulation Patterns 241
Global Currents 241
North Pacific Oscillations 242
North Atlantic Oscillations 243
9.7 Measuring the Currents 243
9.8 Practical Considerations: Energy from the Currents 246
Summary 246
Chapter 10
The Waves 248
10.1 How a Wave Begins 249
10.2 Anatomy of a Wave 250
10.3 Wave Motion 250
10.4 Wave Speed 251
10.5 Deep-Water Waves 251
Storm Centers 252
Dispersion 252
Group Speed 253
Wave Interaction 253
10.6 Wave Height 254
Episodic Waves 255
Wave Energy 255
Wave Steepness 256
Universal Sea State Code 256
10.7 Shallow-Water Waves 256
Refraction 258
Reflection 259
Diffraction 259
Navigation from Wave Direction 260
10.8 The Surf Zone 260
Breakers 261
Water Transport 262
Energy Release 262
10.9 Tsunami 263
Box: Tsunami Warning Systems 264
10.10 Internal Waves 266
10.11 Standing Waves 268
10.12 Practical Considerations: Energy from Waves 270
Summary 272
Going to Sea 274
Chapter 11
The Tides 278
11.1 Tide Patterns 279
11.2 Tide Levels 279
11.3 Tidal Currents 280
11.4 Equilibrium Tidal Theory 280
The Moon Tide 282
The Tidal Day 283
The Tide Wave 283
The Sun Tide 283
Spring Tides and Neap Tides 284
Declinational Tides 284
Elliptical Orbits 285
11.5 Dynamic Tidal Analysis 285
The Tide Wave 286
Progressive Wave Tides 286
Standing Wave Tides 287
Tide Waves in Narrow Basins 289
11.6 Tidal Bores 289
11.7 Predicting Tides and Tidal Currents 290
Box: Measuring Tides from Space 291
Tide Tables 292
Tidal Current Tables 294
11.8 Practical Considerations: Energy from Tides 294
Summary 296
Chapter 12
Coasts, Beaches, and Estuaries 299
12.1 Major Zones 300
12.2 Types of Coasts 302
Primary Coasts 302
Secondary Coasts 304
12.3 Anatomy of a Beach 308
12.4 Beach Dynamics 309
Natural Processes 309
Coastal Circulation 312
12.5 Beach Types 313
12.6 Modifying Beaches 314
Coastal Structures 314
The Santa Barbara Story 315
The History of Ediz Hook 317
Box: National Marine Sanctuaries 318
12.7 Estuaries 320
Types of Estuaries 320
Box: Rising Sea Level 322
Circulation Patterns 322
Temperate-Zone Estuaries 324
12.8 High Evaporation Rates 325
12.9 Flushing Time 325
12.10 Practical Considerations: Case Histories 326
The Development of San Francisco Bay 326
The Situation in Chesapeake Bay 328
Summary 330
Chapter 13
Environmental Issues and Concerns 333
13.1 Water and Sediment Quality 334
Solid Waste Dumping 334
Sewage Effluent 335
Toxicants 336
13.2 Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone 339
13.3 Plastic Trash 340
13.4 Ocean Waste Management Proposals 342
13.5 Oil Spills 343
13.6 Marine Wetlands 346
Box: Spartina: Valuable and Productive or Invasive and Destructive? 348
13.7 Biological Invaders 348
Field Notes: Ecological Nowcasting of Sea Nettles in Chesapeake Bay 350
13.8 Overfishing and Incidental Catch 353
13.9 Afterthoughts 355
Summary 355
Chapter 14
The Living Ocean 358
14.1 Ocean Biology 359
14.2 Groups of Organisms 359
14.3 Environmental Zones 360
14.4 Facts of Ocean Life 361
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Viscosity 361
Salinity and Osmosis 362
Temperature 363
Pressure 364
Gases 364
Nutrients 365
Light and Color 365
Circulation Patterns 367
14.5 Bottom Environments 367
14.6 Close Associations 368
14.7 Barriers and Boundaries 368
Box: Biodiversity in the Oceans 369
14.8 Practical Considerations: Modification and Mitigation 370
Summary 370
Chapter 15
Production and Life 373
15.1 Primary Production 374
Gross and Net 374
Standing Crop 374
15.2 Controls on Primary Production 375
Light 375
Nutrients 376
Nutrient Cycles 376
15.3 Global Primary Productivity 379
15.4 Measuring Primary Productivity 380
Direct Methods 380
Remote Methods 381
15.5 Total Production 383
Food Chains and Food Webs 383
Trophic Pyramids 383
Other Photosynthetic Systems 385
Primary Production and Chemosynthesis 386
15.6 Practical Considerations: Human Concerns 386
Box: CalCOFI?Fifty Years of Coastal Ocean Data 388
Summary 389
Chapter 16
The Plankton: Drifters of the Open
Ocean 391
16.1 Kinds of Plankton 392
Phytoplankton 392
Field Notes: Discovery of the Role of Picoplankton 396
Zooplankton 398
Field Notes: Biofouling 444
Summary 445
Chapter 18
The Benthos: Dwellers
of the Sea Floor 449
18.1 Algae and Plants 450
General Characteristics of Benthic Algae 450
Kinds of Seaweeds 451
Other Marine Plant Communities 451
18.2 Animals 453
Animals of the Rocky Shore 453
Tide Pools 458
Animals of the Soft Substrates 458
Animals of the Deep-Sea Floor 461
Fouling and Boring Organisms 462
18.3 Classification Summary of the Benthos 464
18.4 High-Energy Environments 465
18.5 Coral Reefs 465
Tropical Corals 465
Tropical Coral Reefs 466
Coral Bleaching 469
Predation and Disease 469
Human Activities 469
Deep-Water Corals 470
18.6 Deep-Ocean Chemosynthetic Communities 470
Hot Vents 470
Box: Deep-Sea Ice Worms 471
Cold Seeps 473
18.7 Sampling the Benthos 473
18.8 Practical Considerations: Harvesting the Benthos 474
The Animals 474
The Algae 475
Biomedical Products 475
Box: Genetic Manipulation of Fish and Shellfish 476
Summary 477
Appendix A Scientific (or Exponential) Notation 480
Appendix B SI Units 481
Appendix C Equations and Quantitative Relationships 484
Glossary 487
Index 499
16.2 Bacteria and Archaea 403
Box: Extremophiles 406
The Microbial Loop 408
16.3 Viruses 408
16.4 Classification Summary of the Plankton 409
16.5 Sampling the Plankton 409
16.6 Practical Considerations: Marine Toxins 410
Harmful Algal Blooms 410
Pfiesteria-Like Dinoflagellates 412
Ciguatera Poisoning 412
Toxic Diatom Blooms 413
Cholera 413
Summary 413
Chapter 17
The Nekton: Free Swimmers of the Sea 416
17.1 Mammals 417
Whales and Whaling 417
Box: Whale Falls 422
Dolphins and Porpoises 423
Seals and Sea Lions 423
Sea Otters 426
Walrus 426
Sea Cows 426
Polar Bears 427
Marine Mammal Protection Act 428
Communication 428
17.2 Marine Birds 429
17.3 Marine Reptiles 431
Sea Snakes 432
Sea Turtles 432
17.4 Squid 433
17.5 Fish 433
Sharks and Rays 434
Commercial Species of Bony Fish 435
Deep-Sea Species of Bony Fish 435
17.6 Classification Summary of the Nekton 437
17.7 Practical Considerations: Commercial Fisheries 439
Anchovies 439
Tuna 441
Salmon 441
Atlantic Cod 442
Sharks 442
Fish Farming 443
Glossary
Index
Emphasizes the role of basic scientific principles in helping understand the processes that govern the ocean and the earth. This work focuses on the physical and geological aspects of the oceans than on the chemical and geochemical properties. It is intended for students without a background in mathematics, chemistry, physics, geology, or biology.
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