A rhetoric of argument : a text and reader / Jeanne Fahnestock, Marie Secor.

Includes index.

Part One: Reading and Writing Arguments 1 An Introduction to the Study of Argument In the Media: "We Encourage You to Vote Today," The Indianapolis Star
An Argument Is Addressed to a Specific Audience at a Particular Time.
An Argument Wants Something from Its Audience.
An Argument Gives Its Audience Reasons for What It Wants.
Not All the Reasons Are Stated Openly.
Arguments Are Also Supported by Calling on Readers’ Attitudes and Feelings.
The Source of an Argument Matters.
A Counter-Argument Is Always in the Background Expanding Your Definition of Argument Contexts for Argument
Personal
Interpersonal
Professional
Public The Rhetorical Situation
Audience
Exigence
Constraints 2: Building the Case: Logos In the Media: An Ad for Purina One Beef Jerky Strips Analyzing the Advertisement for Beef Jerky Strips The Materials of Argument Building the Logos
One-Part Argument: The Claim Alone
Two-Part Argument: The Enthymeme
Expanding Arguments: Branching Support
Expanding Arguments: Chains of Support
Combining Branching and Chaining Writing Your Argument: Building an Argument from Claim-Reason Pairs Expanding the Three-Part Argument: The Full Toulmin Model Building Arguments with Other Positions in Mind Writing Your Argument: Taking Account of Other Positions The Building Blocks of Arguments: Values and Facts
Values
Facts
Using Sources Visual Rhetoric: Arguing with Images Robert Samuelson, "The Specter of Global Aging" (Article with photo) For You to Analyze: Advertisement for Kleenex Cold Care Barry R. McCaffrey, "Don’t Legalize Those Drugs" 3 Establishing Credibility and Appealing to Emotion: Ethos and Pathos In the Media: "While the Children Sleep," A.M. Rosenthal Analyzing “While the Children Sleep” Ethos
The Elements of Ethos
Types of Ethos Pathos Ethos and Pathos Combine in Identification Establishing Ethos in Writing
The Intellectual Virtue of Reasonableness
The Overall Effects of Conviction and Moderation
Disclaimers: Don’t Get the Wrong Idea about Me or My Argument Writing Your Argument: Establishing Your Ethos Evoking Pathos in Argument
Choosing Words Carefully
Choosing Powerful Examples Writing Your Argument: Evoking Pathos Fallacies Visual Rhetoric: Emotion in Images Jack Ohman, "Twin Towers" (Political cartoon) For You to Analyze: Audrey Rock-Richardson, "Pay Your Own Way! (Then Thank Mom)" Leonard Pitts, "A Letter to the Terrorists" For You to Write 4: Generating the Argument: Questions and Claims In the Media: "Drug Tests Backed for Broader Pool of Students," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Analyzing “Drug Tests Backed for Broader Pool of Students” Finding Issues to Argue Answering Questions with Claims The Four Basic Questions
The First Question: What Is It?
The Second Question: How Did It Get That Way?
The Third Question: Is It Good or Bad?
The Fourth Question: What Should We Do about It? Warrants and the Four Basic Questions Combining the Questions Finding the Key Questions at Issue The Basic Questions as a Research Strategy Writing Your Argument: Using the Basic Questions to Organize Your Research Reading for Questions: Kathryn Tolbert, "Japan’s Modern Women Living Single and Loving It" Josette Shiner, "Crucifix Can Reflect on Good Moral Character of School" Bonnie Erbe, "It Would Drive Away Students" For You to Write: A “What’s at Issue” Paper 5 Expressing Appeals: Language and Voice In the Media: "Subsidizing Illegal Residents," Ward Connerly Choosing a Voice
Using I or Not Using I
Using You or Not Using You
Dialogue Building with Questions
Using We or Not Using We Other Ways of Creating and Appealing to Groups
Putting the Opposition in a Group
Using an Impersonal Voice Writing Your Argument: Finding an Effective Stance Visual Rhetoric: Visuals Involve the Viewer "I Want You for the U.S. Army," (Recruiting poster) For You to Analyze:Shawntelle Santas, "The Face of Welfare" Patricia J. Williams, "Better Safe . . . ? Diary of a Mad Law Professor" Part Two: Types of Arguments 6: Definition: What Is It? In the Media: "Scientists Determine Chimpanzees Have ‘Culture’" Analyzing “Scientists Determine Chimpanzees Have ‘Culture’” Definition: Arguing about the Nature of Things
Types of Definition Arguments Constructing a Definition Argument
Support by Example
Support by Definition
Support by Comparison Writing Your Own Definition Argument: Answering the Question “What Is It?” Drafting Your Definition Argument Reviewing and Revising Your Definition Writing Suggestions Visual Rhetoric: Neil Armstrong Walks on the Moon (photo) Comparison/Contrast Assignment Readings Jill Henkel, "Cheerleading: A Sport or an Activity?" Michael Kelley, "One Vet’s Mission to Set the Record Straight" E. J. Dionne, "The Myth of the Fading Family" Richard Keller Simon, Much Ado about Friends: What Pop Culture Offers Literature 7: Causal Argument: How Did It Get That Way? In the Media: "Harness Fire? Mother Nature Begs to Differ" Causal Arguments: Determining Why or How Something Happened Constructing a Causal Argument
Framing Narratives for Causal Analysis
Considering Other Causal Models
Fitting a Narrative to a Purpose
Establishing Causal Relationships
Supporting a Causal Relationship
Other Types of Causal Arguments Visual Rhetoric: Cause and Effect for the Eye "Crude Male Death Rate for Lung Cancer in 1950 and Per Capita Consumption of Cigarettes in 1930 in Various Countries" (Line graph) "20-year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer" (Line graph) Writing Your Own Causal Argument: Answering the Question “How Did It Get That Way?” Drafting Your Causal Argument Reviewing and Revising Your Causal Argument Writing Suggestions Readings: Hinda Gonchor "Spandex Nation" David Pitt "Beer Taxes Reduce STD Rates" James Glanz and Eric Lipton, "Expert Report Disputes U.S. on Trade Center Collapse" Samuel Casey Carter "Successful Inner City Schools Share Common Traits" 8: Evaluation: Is It Good or Bad? In the Media: "Why Generation X Is Coming Home to Morality," Stacey Felzenberg Evaluation: Determining the Value of Something Constructing a Sound Evaluation
Supporting Criteria with a Specific Audience in Mind
Possible Subjects for Evaluation
The Evaluation as Comparison
Superlative Evaluation Visual Rhetoric: The Eye of a Dying Whale (Photo) Close-up of the Eye of a Dying Whale (Photo) Writing Your Own Evaluation: Answering the Question “Is It Good or Bad?”
Drafting Your Evaluation
Reviewing and Revising Your Evaluation\
Writing Suggestions Readings: Nicholas D. Kristof, "Harvest the Whales" and Letters to the Editor in Response to "Harvest the Whales" Des Moines Register Editorial Board, "Leave the Flicks Alone" Jonathan V. Last, "The Best" David Ramsay Steele, "Yes, Gambling Is Productive and Rational" 9: Proposals: What Should We Do about It? In the Media: "Hollywood Simply Can No Longer Abdicate Its Responsibility to Kids" Analyzing “Hollywood Simply Can No Longer Abdicate Its Responsibility to Kids” Proposals: Arguing for Action
Convincing an Audience Constructing a Full Proposal
Preliminary Arguments
Evaluating the Consequences
Proposal Statement
Supporting Arguments
Feasibility: “It Can Be Done”
Anticipating Difficult Questions Visual Rhetoric: Before and After: The Visual Proposal Advertisement for Allegra-D (Advertisement) Writing Your Own Proposal: Answering the Question “What Should We Do about It?” Drafting Your Proposal Reviewing and Revising Your Proposal Writing Suggestions Readings Michael Novak, "With Liberty and Prayer for All" Emily Lesk, "My 60-Second Protest from the Hallway" John Solomon, "Vote, or Else" Leon Botstein, "Let Teenagers Try Adulthood" Part Three: Researching Arguments 10: Finding Sources to Support Your Claim An Overview of Sources
Primary Sources That Serve as Direct Evidence in Different Fields
Secondary Sources That Offer Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, and Commentary
Sources That Help Answer Specific Questions Locating Sources
Searching for Sources by Keyword
Searching for Library Sources
Searching for Electronic Sources
Evaluating Internet Sources Web Pages of Interest to Researchers 11: Using Sources to Support Your Claim Taking Effective Notes Integrating Sources
Quoting
Paraphrasing
Summarizing Avoiding Plagiarism
When to Document Your Sources Citing Sources in Your Paper
Using MLA Style A Student Paper in MLA Style: "Add a New Clause to the American Society for Interior Designers’ Code of Ethics," Meaghan O’Keefe
Using APA Style A Student Paper in APA Style: "Manic Depression: A Diagnostic Challenge," Daniel M. Pulver Part Four: An Anthology of Arguments 12: The Promise and Perils of Globalization Aaron Lukas, "I Love Global Capitalism--and I’m under 30" Michelle Martin, "French food vs. fast food" Amartya Sen, "A World Not Neatly Divided" Paul Ehrlich, "A New Ethics for a New World" Stanley Kurtz, "Veil of Fears" 13: The Revolution in Biotechnology Carl Feldbaum, "Some History Should Be Repeated" Wesley J. Smith, "Closing in on Cloning" Virginia I. Postrel, "Fatalist Attraction" Jeremy Rifkin, "A Personal Note" 14: The Challenge of Dealing with Juvenile Crime Barbara Lerner, "The Killer Narcissists" Alfred Blumstein, "Violence by Young People: Why the Deadly Nexus?" John R. Lion and Jonas R. Rappeport, "They Do What They See: That’s Why We should Tone Down Violent Images" Lynne Lamberg, "Preventing School Violence: No Easy Answers" Michael P. Brown, "Juvenile Offenders: Should They be Tried in Adult Courts?" Bob Herbert, "Injustice and Ice Cream" 15: The Meaning of Sports in Our Society Paul Auster, "Where Have All the Young Men Gone" Linda Robertson, "Celebration or Exploitation? Women Athletes Pose Question" Bryjak, George. "Don’t Call Jocks Sports’ ‘Heroes’" S. L. Price, "The Indian Wars" Rebecca L. Adamson, "Mascot Supporters Insult Native Peoples" 16: Public Taste Elizabeth Austin, "A Small Plea to Delete a Ubiquitous Expletive" Felicity Barringer, "Breaking a Taboo, Editors Turn to Images of Death" Daniel Harris, "The Kitschification of Sept. 11" 17: The Debate on the Meaning of the First Amendment The First Ten Amendments to the Constitution Julie Bosman, "The (No) Free Speech Movement" Howard Troxler, "Once Nailed to the Door, Now Shuffled out of Sight" Linda Chavez, "The ‘Separation of Church and State’ Myth" Editorial, St Louis Post-Dispatch "Going Overboard" 27 June 2002 and Letters to the Editor, "Religious Freedom and the Pledge" 28 June 2002 Robin Cherlow, "Free Speech in the Sky"