Environmental science : a global concern / William P. Cunningham, University of Minnesota, Mary Ann Cunningham, Vassar College.

By: Cunningham, William P [author.]
Contributor(s): Cunningham, Mary Ann [author.]
Language: English Publisher: New York : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018]Copyright date: c2018Edition: Fourteenth editionDescription: xxiv, 614 pages : color illustrations, color maps ; 28 cmContent type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9781259922176Subject(s): Environmental sciences -- TextbooksDDC classification: 363.7 LOC classification: GE105 | .C86 2018
Contents:
Cover Title Copyright About the Authors Brief Contents Contents List of Case Studies Preface Connect Adaptive Key Elements Introduction Learning to Learn Case Study How Can I Do Well in Environmental Science? L.1 HOW CAN I GET AN A IN THIS CLASS? What are good study habits? How can you use this textbook effectively? Will this be on the test? L.2 THINKING ABOUT THINKING How do you tell the news from the noise? Applying critical thinking Conclusion Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment Case Study Sustainable Development Goals for Kibera 1.1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? Environmental science is about understanding where we live What topics will you study in this course? What Do You Think? Calculating Your Ecological Footprint 1.2 WHERE DO OUR IDEAS ABOUT OUR ENVIRONMENT COME FROM? Current ideas have followed industrialization Stage 1. Resource waste inspired pragmatic, utilitarian conservation Stage 2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement Stage 3. Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement Stage 4. Environmental quality is tied to social progress 1.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Affluence is a goal and a liability Sustainable development: meeting current needs without compromising future needs The UN has identified Sustainable Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals were largely successful Could we eliminate acute poverty through aid? 1.4 CORE CONCEPTS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT How do we describe resource use? Indigenous peoples often protect biodiversity 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, FAITH, AND JUSTICE We can extend moral value to people and things Many faiths promote conservation and justice Environmental justice integrates civil rights and environmental protection Data Analysis Working with Graphs Chapter 2 Principles of Science and Systems Case Study Forest Responses to Global Warming 2.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE? Science depends on skepticism and accuracy Deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful Testable hypotheses and theories are essential tools Understanding probability helps reduce uncertainty Statistics can indicate the probability that your results were random Exploring Science Why Do Scientists Answer Questions with a Number? Experimental design can reduce bias Models are an important experimental strategy 2.2 SYSTEMS INVOLVE INTERACTIONS Systems can be described in terms of their characteristics Systems may exhibit stability 2.3 SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT Detecting pseudoscience relies on independent, critical thinking Data Analysis Working with Graphs Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life Case Study Chesapeake Bay: How Do We Improve on a C? 3.1 ELEMENTS OF LIFE Atoms, elements, and compounds Chemical bonds hold molecules together Unique properties of water Ions react and bond to form compounds Organic compounds have a carbon backbone Cells are the fundamental units of life Exploring Science Gene Editing 3.2 ENERGY Energy varies in intensity Thermodynamics regulates energy transfers 3.3 ENERGY FOR LIFE Extremophiles gain energy without sunlight Photosynthesis captures energy; respiration releases that energy 3.4 FROM SPECIES TO ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystems include living and nonliving parts Food webs link species of different trophic levels Ecological pyramids describe trophic levels 3.5 MATERIAL CYCLES The hydrologic cycle redistributes water Carbon cycles through earth, air, water, and life Nitrogen occurs in many forms Phosphorus follows a one-way path Data Analysis Inspect the Chesapeake?s Report Card Chapter 4 Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions Case Study Natural Selection in the Galápagos Islands 4.1 EVOLUTION PRODUCES SPECIES DIVERSITY Natural selection leads to evolution All species live within limits The ecological niche is a species? role and environment Speciation maintains species diversity Taxonomy describes relationships among species Exploring Science New Flu Vaccines 4.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS SHAPE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES Competition leads to resource allocation Predation affects species relationships Some adaptations help avoid predation Symbiosis involves intimate relations among species Exploring Science Say Hello to Your 90 Trillion Little Friends Keystone species have disproportionate influence 4.3 COMMUNITY PROPERTIES AFFECT SPECIES AND POPULATIONS Productivity is a measure of biological activity What Can You Do? Working Locally for Ecological Diversity Abundance and diversity measure the number and variety of organisms Community structure is the spatial distribution of organisms Complexity and connectedness are important ecological indicators Resilience and stability make communities resistant to disturbance Edges and boundaries are the interfaces between adjacent communities 4.4 COMMUNITIES ARE DYNAMIC AND CHANGE OVER TIME The nature of communities is debated Ecological succession involves changes in community composition Appropriate disturbances can benefit some communities Introduced species can cause profound community change Data Analysis Species Competition Chapter 5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life Case Study Spreading Green Across Kenya 5.1 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES Tropical moist forests have rain year-round Exploring Science How Do We Describe Climate Regions? Tropical seasonal forests have yearly dry seasons Tropical savannas and grasslands support few trees Deserts can be hot or cold, but all are dry Temperate grasslands have rich soils Temperate shrublands have summer drought Temperate forests can be evergreen or deciduous Boreal forests occur at high latitudes Tundra can freeze in any month 5.2 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS Depth controls light penetration and temperature Coastal zones support rich, diverse communities 5.3 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Temperature and light vary with depth in lakes Wetlands are shallow and productive 5.4 HUMAN DISTURBANCE Data Analysis Reading Climate Graphs Chapter 6 Population Biology Case Study Are We Fishing to Extinction? 6.1 DYNAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH We can describe growth symbolically Exponential growth involves continuous change Exponential growth leads to crashes Logistic growth slows with population increase Species respond to limits differently: r- and K-selected species 6.2 FACTORS THAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH What Do You Think? Too Many Deer? Survivorship curves show life histories Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important Some population factors are density-independent; others are density-dependent Density-dependent effects can be dramatic 6.3 POPULATION SIZE AND CONSERVATION Exploring Science How Do You Count Tuna? Small island populations are vulnerable Genetic diversity may help a population survive Population viability can depend on population size Conclusion Data Analysis Experimenting with Population Growth Chapter 7 Human Populations Case Study Population Stabilization in Brazil 7.1 POPULATION GROWTH Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently 7.2 PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION GROWTH Does population growth cause poverty, or does poverty cause growth? Technology can increase carrying capacity for humans Population growth could bring benefits 7.3 MANY FACTORS DETERMINE POPULATION GROWTH How many of us are there? Fertility rates are falling in many countries Mortality offsets births Life span and life expectancy describe our potential longevity What Do You Think? China?s One-Child Policy Living longer has demographic implications Emigration and immigration are important demographic factors Many factors increase our desire for children Other factors discourage reproduction Could we have a birth dearth? 7.4 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL Economic and social development influence birth and death rates There are reasons to be optimistic about population Many people remain pessimistic about population growth Social justice is an important consideration Child health affects fertility Family planning gives us choices The choices we make determine our future Data Analysis Population Change over Time Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology Case Study PFOA: Miracle or Menace? 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH The global disease burden is changing Infectious and emergent diseases still kill millions of people Emerging diseases devastate wildlife populations Resistance to drugs, antibiotics, and pesticides is increasing What would better health cost? 8.2 TOXICOLOGY How do toxic substances affect us? What Can You Do? Tips for Staying Healthy How does diet influence health? 8.3 THE MOVEMENT, DISTRIBUTION, AND FATE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES Compounds dissolve either in water or in fat Bioaccumulation and biomagnification increase concentrations of chemicals Persistence makes some materials a greater threat POPs are an especially serious problem Synergistic interactions can increase toxicity Our bodies degrade and excrete toxic substances 8.4 TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT Dose-response curves show toxicity in lab animals There is a wide range of toxicity Acute and chronic doses and effects differ Detectable levels aren?t always dangerous Low doses can have variable effects Some symptoms can be erroneous Risk perception isn?t always rational Risk acceptance depends on many factors Exploring Science The Epigenome 8.5 ESTABLISHING HEALTH POLICY Data Analysis How Do We Evaluate Risk and Fear? Chapter 9 Food and Hunger Case Study Becoming a Locavore in the Dining Hall 9.1 WORLD FOOD AND NUTRITION Millions of people are still chronically hungry Famines usually have political and social causes Overeating is a growing world problem We need the right kinds of food High prices remain a global problem 9.2 KEY FOOD SOURCES Rising meat production has costs and benefits Seafood is our only commercial wild-caught protein source Most commercial fishing operates on an industrial scale Aquaculture produces about half our seafood Antibiotics are overused in intensive production Alternative systems are also expanding What Do You Think? Shade-Grown Coffee and Cocoa Food Systems are Vulnerable to Climate Change 9.3 THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND GENETIC ENGINEERING Green revolution crops are high responders Genetic engineering moves DNA among species Most GMOs have been engineered for pest resistance or herbicide tolerance Safety of GMOs is widely debated 9.4 FOOD PRODUCTION POLICIES Is genetic engineering about food production? Farm policies can also protect the land Data Analysis Graphing Relative Values Chapter 10 Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices Case Study Farming the Cerrado 10.1 WHAT IS SOIL? Soils are complex ecosystems Healthy soil fauna can determine soil fertility Your food comes mostly from the A horizon 10.2 HOW DO WE USE, ABUSE, AND CONSERVE SOILS? Arable land is unevenly distributed Soil losses threaten farm productivity Wind and water cause widespread erosion Desertification affects arid land soils Irrigation is needed but can damage soils Plants need nutrients, but not too much Conventional farming uses abundant fossil fuels We can conserve and even rebuild soils Contours and ground cover reduce runoff Exploring Science Ancient Terra Preta Shows How to Build Soils Reduced tillage leaves crop residue 10.3 PESTS AND PESTICIDES Modern pesticides provide benefits but also create health risks Organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons are dominant pesticides What Do You Think? Organic Farming in the City Pesticides have profound environmental effects POPs accumulate in remote places Pesticides often impair human health 10.4 ORGANIC AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Can sustainable practices feed the world?s growing population? What does ?organic? mean? Strategic management can reduce pests What Can You Do? Controlling Pests Useful organisms can help us control pests IPM uses a combination of techniques Low-input agriculture aids farmers and their land Consumers? choices play an important role Data Analysis Graphing Changes in Pesticide Use Chapter 11 Biodiversity: Preserving Species Case Study Restoring Coral Reefs 11.1 BIODIVERSITY AND THE SPECIES CONCEPT What is biodiversity? Species are defined in different ways Molecular techniques are rewriting taxonomy How many species are there? Hot spots have exceptionally high biodiversity We benefit from biodiversity in many ways Biodiversity provides ecological services and brings us many aesthetic and cultural benefits 11.2 WHAT THREATENS BIODIVERSITY? Extinction is a natural process We are accelerating extinction rates Habitat destruction is the principal HIPPO factor Invasive species displace resident species Pollution and population are direct human impacts Overharvesting results when there is a market for wild species Overharvesting is often illegal and involves endangered species What Can You Do? Don?t Buy Endangered Species Products Island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to invasive species 11.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT Hunting and fishing laws have been effective The Endangered Species Act is a powerful tool for biodiversity protection Recovery plans rebuild populations of endangered species Private land is vital for species protection Endangered species protection is controversial Gap analysis promotes regional planning What Can You Do? You Can Help Preserve Biodiversity International treaties improve protection 11.4 CAPTIVE BREEDING AND SPECIES SURVIVAL PLANS Zoos can help preserve wildlife Exploring Science Protecting Rhinos We need to save rare species in the wild Data Analysis Confidence Limits in the Breeding Bird Survey Chapter 12 Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes Case Study Palm Oil and Endangered Species 12.1 WORLD FORESTS Boreal and tropical forests are most abundant Forests provide many valuable products Tropical forests are especially threatened Exploring Science Protecting Forests to Prevent Climate Change Temperate forests also are threatened What Can You Do? Lowering Your Forest Impacts 12.2 GRASSLANDS Grazing can be sustainable or damaging Overgrazing threatens many U.S. rangelands Ranchers are experimenting with new methods Rotational grazing can mimic natural regimes 12.3 PARKS AND PRESERVES Levels of protection vary in preserves Not all preserves are preserved Marine ecosystems need greater protection Conservation and economic development can work together Native people can play important roles in nature protection What Can You Do? Being a Responsible Ecotourist Species survival can depend on preserve size and shape Exploring Science Saving the Chimps of Gombe Data Analysis Detecting Edge Effects Chapter 13 Restoration Ecology Case Study Restoration of the Elwha River and Its Salmon 13.1 HELPING NATURE HEAL Restoration projects range from modest to ambitious Restore to what? All restoration projects involve some common components Origins of restoration Sometimes we can simply let nature heal itself Native species often need help to become reestablished 13.2 RESTORATION IS GOOD FOR HUMAN ECONOMIES AND CULTURES Tree planting can improve our quality of life Fire is often an important restoration tool What Can You Do? Ecological Restoration in Your Own Neighborhood 13.3 RESTORING PRAIRIES Fire is also crucial for prairie restoration Huge areas of shortgrass prairie are being preserved Bison help maintain prairies 13.4 RESTORING WETLANDS AND STREAMS Restoring water and sediment flows help wetlands heal Replumbing the Everglades is one of the costliest restoration efforts ever Exploring Science Measuring Restoration Success Wetland mitigation is challenging Constructed wetlands can filter water Many streams need rebuilding Severely degraded or polluted sites can be repaired or reconstructed Data Analysis Concept Maps Chapter 14 Geology and Earth Resources Case Study Moving Mountains for Coal 14.1 EARTH PROCESSES AND MINERALS Earth is a dynamic planet Tectonic processes move continents Rocks are composed of minerals Rocks and minerals are recycled constantly Weathering breaks down rocks 14.2 EARTH RESOURCES Metals are especially valuable resources Fossil fuels originated as peat and plankton Exploring Science Rare Earth Minerals Conserving resources saves energy and materials Resource substitution reduces demand 14.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RESOURCE EXTRACTION Different mining techniques pose different risks to water and air Processing also produces acids and metals High-value minerals can support corruption What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mining Laws? 14.4 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS Earthquakes usually occur on plate margins Human-induced earthquakes are becoming more common Tsunamis can be more damaging than the earthquakes that trigger them Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava Landslides and mass wasting can bury villages Floods are the greatest geological hazard Beaches erode easily, especially in storms Data Analysis Mapping Geological Hazards Chapter 15 Climate Change Case Study When Wedges Do More than Silver Bullets 15.1 WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE? The land surface absorbs solar energy to warm our world Gases in the atmosphere capture heat Energy is redistributed around the globe 15.2 REGIONAL PATTERNS OF WEATHER The Coriolis effect explains why winds seem to curve Ocean currents modify our weather Seasonal rain supports billions of people Frontal systems occur where warm and cold air meet Cyclonic storms can cause extensive damage 15.3 NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY Ice cores tell us about climate history El Niño is an ocean?atmosphere cycle 15.4 ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE The IPCC assesses climate data for policymakers Human activities increase greenhouse gases Positive feedbacks accelerate change How do we know that recent change is caused by humans? 15.5 WHAT EFFECTS ARE WE SEEING? There are many effects of current climate change Climate change will cost far more than prevention Rising sea levels will flood many cities Why do we still debate climate evidence? 15.6 ENVISIONING SOLUTIONS The Paris Climate Agreement establishes new goals What Do You Think? States Take the Lead on Climate Change Stabilization wedges could work now Greenhouse gases can be captured and stored Regional initiatives show commitment to slowing climate change What Can You Do? Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions Data Analysis Examining the IPCC Assessment Reports Chapter 16 Air Pollution Case Study Beijing Looks for Answers to Air Pollution 16.1 MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN OUR AIR The Clean Air Act designates standard limits Conventional pollutants are most abundant Mercury, from coal, is particularly dangerous Carbon dioxide, methane, and halogens are key greenhouse gases What Do You Think? Politics, Public Health, and the Minamata Convention Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) can cause cancer and nerve damage Indoor air can be worse than outdoor air 16.2 ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES Temperature inversions trap pollutants Wind currents carry pollutants worldwide Exploring Science The Great London Smog and Pollution Monitoring Chlorine destroys ozone in the stratosphere The Montreal Protocol was a resounding success 16.3 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION How does pollution make us sick? Plants suffer cell damage and lost productivity Acid deposition damages ecosystems 16.4 POLLUTION CONTROL Pollutants can be captured after combustion What Can You Do? Reducing Pollution and Saving Energy Clean air legislation is controversial but effective Clean air protections help the economy and public health In developing areas, rapid growth can outpace pollution controls Air quality improves where controls are implemented Data Analysis How Is the Air Quality in Your Town? Chapter 17 Water Use and Management Case Study When Will Lake Mead Go Dry? 17.1 WATER RESOURCES The hydrologic cycle constantly redistributes water Water supplies are unevenly distributed Oceans hold 97 percent of all water on earth Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most surface fresh water Groundwater stores large resources Rivers, lakes, and wetlands cycle quickly 17.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USE Many countries suffer water scarcity or water stress Water use is increasing Agriculture is a dominant water use Domestic and industrial water uses tend to be far less than agricultural use 17.3 FRESHWATER SHORTAGES Groundwater is an essential but declining resource Groundwater overdrafts have long-term impacts Diversion projects redistribute water Exploring Science Measuring Invisible Water Dams have diverse environmental and social impacts Dams may have a limited lifespan Climate change threatens water supplies Would you fight for water? 17.4 WATER CONSERVATION Exploring Science How Does Desalination Work? Increasing water supplies Domestic conservation has important impacts Recycling can reduce consumption What Can You Do? Saving Water and Preventing Pollution Prices and policies have often discouraged conservation Data Analysis Graphing Global Water Stress and Scarcity Chapter 18 Water Pollution Case Study India?s Holy River 18.1 WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is anything that degrades water quality Infectious agents, or pathogens, cause diseases Low oxygen levels indicate nutrient contamination Nutrient enrichment leads to cultural eutrophication Eutrophication can cause toxic tides and ?dead zones? Metals are important inorganic pollutants Exploring Science Studying the Dead Zone Acidic runoff can destroy aquatic ecosystems Organic pollutants include drugs, pesticides, and industrial products Oil spills are common and often intentional Sediment also degrades water quality Thermal pollution threatens sensitive organisms 18.2 WATER QUALITY TODAY The Clean Water Act protects our water Nonpoint sources are difficult to control Water pollution is especially serious in developing countries Water treatment improves safety Is bottled water safer? Groundwater is hard to monitor and clean There are few controls on ocean pollution 18.3 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL Controlling nonpoint sources requires land management Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations are low Exploring Science Inexpensive Water Purification Water remediation may involve containment, extraction, or phytoremediation What Can You Do? Steps You Can Take to Improve Water Quality 18.4 WATER LEGISLATION The Clean Water Act was ambitious, bipartisan, and largely successful Clean water reauthorization remains contentious Other important legislation protects water quality Data Analysis Examining Pollution Sources Chapter 19 Conventional Energy Case Study The End of Coal? 19.1 ENERGY RESOURCES AND USES How do we measure energy? Fossil fuels still supply most of the world?s energy 19.2 COAL Coal resources are greater than we can use Coal use is declining in the U.S. Is clean coal technology the answer? 19.3 OIL Extreme oil and tar sands have extended our supplies Risks and costs of oil extraction Shipping oil can be dangerous and disruptive The United States has large supplies of unconventional oil Refineries are major sources of air pollution 19.4 NATURAL GAS Most of the world?s currently known natural gas is in a few countries What Do You Think? The Fracking Debate Gas can be shipped to market Other unconventional gas sources 19.5 NUCLEAR POWER How do nuclear reactors work? There are many different reactor designs Breeder reactors might extend the life of our nuclear fuel We lack safe storage for radioactive wastes Decommissioning nuclear plants is costly The changing fortunes of nuclear power What Do You Think? Twilight for Nuclear Power? Data Analysis Comparing Energy Use and Standards of Living Chapter 20 Sustainable Energy Case Study A Renewable Energy Transition 20.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY There are many ways to save energy Green buildings dramatically reduce energy costs Transportation could be far more efficient Exploring Science Greening Gotham: Can New York Reach Its 80 by 50 Goal? Cogeneration produces both electricity and heat Smart metering can save money and energy What Can You Do? Steps You Can Take to Save Energy 20.2 SOLAR ENERGY Solar heat collectors can be passive or active High-temperature solar produces electricity Photovoltaic cells generate electricity directly Public policy can promote renewable energy Distributed power generation is decentralized 20.3 WIND Wind could meet all our energy needs 20.4 FUEL CELLS AND BIOMASS Fuel cells produce electricity chemically Biomass is an ancient and modern energy source Methane from biomass can be clean and efficient Ethanol and biodiesel can contribute to fuel supplies Cellulosic ethanol could be better than using food crops for fuel Could algae be an efficient energy source? 20.5 HYDROPOWER, TIDAL, AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Most hydroelectricity comes from large dams Geothermal energy is everywhere Tides and waves contain significant energy Ocean thermal electric conversion might be useful The U.S. needs a supergrid What will our energy future be? Data Analysis Energy Calculations Chapter 21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste Case Study Plastic Seas 21.1 WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE? The waste stream is everything we throw away Open dumps pollute air and water Dumping is uncontrollable when it?s out of sight We often export e-waste and toxic waste to countries ill-equipped to handle it Landfills receive most of our waste Incineration produces energy but also pollutes Well-run incinerators can be clean 21.2 SHRINKING THE WASTE STREAM Recycling has multiple benefits Recycling plastic is especially difficult Compost and biogas are useful products Appliances and e-waste must be demanufactured Reuse is more efficient than recycling Reducing waste is the best option What Can You Do? Reducing Waste 21.3 HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES Hazardous waste must be recycled, contained, or detoxified Federal legislation requires waste management Superfund sites are listed for federal cleanup Brownfields present both liability and opportunity What Do You Think? Environmental Justice What Can You Do? Alternatives to Hazardous Household Chemicals Hazardous waste can be recycled or contained Substances can be converted to safer forms Permanent storage is often needed Exploring Science Phytoremediation: Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants Data Analysis How Much Do You Know about Recycling? Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities Case Study Vauban: A Car-Free Suburb 22.1 URBANIZATION Cities have specialized functions Large cities are expanding rapidly Push and pull factors motivate people to move to cities Government policies can drive urban growth 22.2 URBAN CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD Traffic congestion and air quality are growing problems Insufficient sewage treatment causes water pollution Many cities lack adequate housing 22.3 URBAN CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD What Do You Think? People for Community Recovery Urban sprawl consumes land and resources Transportation is crucial in city development Public transit can make cities more livable 22.4 SMART GROWTH Garden cities and new towns were early examples of smart growth New urbanism promoted smart growth Green urbanism aims for more sustainable cities What Do You Think? The Architecture of Hope Open-space design preserves landscapes Data Analysis Plotting Urban and Economic Indicators Chapter 23 Ecological Economics Case Study Using Economics to Fight Climate Change 23.1 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ECONOMY Can development be sustainable? Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable Classical economics examines supply and demand Neoclassical economics emphasizes growth 23.2 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS Ecological economics assigns value to ecosystems Ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, and aesthetic values 23.3 POPULATION, SCARCITY, AND TECHNOLOGY Does scarcity lead to new technologies? Common property resources are a classic problem in ecological economics Scarcity can lead to innovation Carrying capacity is not necessarily fixed Economic models compare growth scenarios 23.4 MEASURING GROWTH GNP is our dominant growth measure Alternate measures account for well-being Cost?benefit analysis aims to optimize benefits 23.5 CAN MARKETS REDUCE POLLUTION? Sulfur trading offers a good model Is emissions trading the answer? Are carbon taxes a better answer? 23.6 GREEN DEVELOPMENT AND BUSINESS International trade brings benefits but also intensifies inequities Microlending helps the poorest of the poor Green business involves efficiency and creative solutions What Do You Think? Loans that Save Lives New business models adopt concepts of ecology Efficiency starts with product design Green consumerism gives the public a voice What Can You Do? Personally Responsible Economy Environmental Protection Creates Jobs Data Analysis Evaluating the Limits to Growth Chapter 24 Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning Case Study Can Policy Protect Elephants? 24.1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLICY Basic principles guide environmental policy Money influences policy Public awareness and action shape policy 24.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS NEPA (1969) establishes public oversight The Clean Air Act (1970) regulates air emissions The Clean Water Act (1972) protects surface water The Endangered Species Act (1973) protects wildlife The Superfund Act (1980) lists hazardous sites 24.3 HOW ARE POLICIES MADE? Congress and legislatures vote on statutory laws Judges decide case law Executive agencies make rules and enforce laws How much government do we want? 24.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Major international agreements Enforcement often depends on national pride 24.5 NEW APPROACHES TO POLICY Community-based planning uses local knowledge Green plans outline goals for sustainability Bolivia?s Law of Mother Earth Data Analysis Examine Your Environmental Laws Chapter 25 What Then Shall We Do? Case Study 350.org: Building a Climate Movement 25.1 MAKING A DIFFERENCE Environmental literacy has lasting importance Citizen science lets everyone participate Exploring Science Doing Citizen Science with eBird Environmental careers range from engineering to education Green business and technology are growing fast 25.2 WHAT CAN INDIVIDUALS DO? All choices are environmental choices What Can You Do? Reducing Your Impact Green consumerism encourages corporations to have an environmental conscience You are a citizen, as well as a consumer You can learn leadership You can own this class 25.3 HOW CAN WE WORK TOGETHER? National organizations influence policy New players bring energy to policy making International NGOs mobilize many people 25.4 CAMPUS GREENING Schools provide environmental leadership What Do You Think? Divestment: Environmental Science, Policy, and Economics A green campus is an educational opportunity 25.5 SUSTAINABILITY IS A GLOBAL CHALLENGE Sustainable development means social, environmental, and economic goals Data Analysis Campus Environmental Audit Glossary Index
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Includes index.

About the Authors

William Cunningham

William Cunningham is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Minnesota where he taught for 36 years in the Departments of Botany and Genetics and Cell Biology as well as the Conservation Biology Program, the Institute for Social, Economic, and Ecological Sustainability, the Center for Environmental Learning and Leadership, and the McArthur Program in Global Change. He received his Ph.D. in Botany from the University of Texas in 1963 and spent two years at Purdue University as a postdoctoral fellow. At various times, he has been a visiting scholar in Sweden, Norway, Indonesia, and China, as well as several universities and research institutions in the United States.

Dr. Cunningham has devoted himself to education and teaching development at the undergraduate level in biology. He began his educational career in structural biology but for the last 10-15 years has concentrated on environmental science, teaching courses such as Social Uses of Biology; Garbage, Government, and the Globe; Environmental Ethics; and Conservation History. Within the past four years, he has received both of the two highest teaching honors that the University of Minnesota bestows -- The Distinguished Teaching Award and a $15,000 Amoco Alumni Award. He has served as a Faculty Mentor for younger faculty at the university, sharing the knowledge and teaching skills that he has gained during his distinguished career.

Mary Cunningham

Mary Ann Cunningham teaches geography and geographic information systems (GIS), and environmental studies at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY. Her research involves using GIS to assess landscape-level problems in conservation and biodiversity. In particular, she is interested in understanding the nature of fragmentation in grassland environments and the effects of fragmentation on the make-up of bird communities. The agricultural landscapes where she has been working represent a complex and fascinating interaction of issues concerning working landscapes, resource use, remnant wildlife habitat, and landscape aesthetics. It is at the intersection of these issues that she likes to try and understand the geography of physical environments. Mary Ann earned a PhD in Geography at the University of Minnesota, an MA in Geography at the University of Oregon, and a BA in Geology at Carleton College.

Cover
Title
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Case Studies
Preface
Connect
Adaptive
Key Elements
Introduction Learning to Learn
Case Study How Can I Do Well in Environmental Science?
L.1 HOW CAN I GET AN A IN THIS CLASS?
What are good study habits?
How can you use this textbook effectively?
Will this be on the test?
L.2 THINKING ABOUT THINKING
How do you tell the news from the noise?
Applying critical thinking
Conclusion
Chapter 1 Understanding Our Environment
Case Study Sustainable Development Goals for Kibera
1.1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?
Environmental science is about understanding where we live
What topics will you study in this course?
What Do You Think? Calculating Your Ecological Footprint
1.2 WHERE DO OUR IDEAS ABOUT OUR ENVIRONMENT COME FROM?
Current ideas have followed industrialization
Stage 1. Resource waste inspired pragmatic, utilitarian conservation
Stage 2. Ethical and aesthetic concerns inspired the preservation movement
Stage 3. Rising pollution levels led to the modern environmental movement
Stage 4. Environmental quality is tied to social progress
1.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Affluence is a goal and a liability
Sustainable development: meeting current needs without compromising future needs
The UN has identified Sustainable Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals were largely successful
Could we eliminate acute poverty through aid?
1.4 CORE CONCEPTS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
How do we describe resource use?
Indigenous peoples often protect biodiversity
1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, FAITH, AND JUSTICE
We can extend moral value to people and things
Many faiths promote conservation and justice
Environmental justice integrates civil rights and environmental protection
Data Analysis Working with Graphs
Chapter 2 Principles of Science and Systems
Case Study Forest Responses to Global Warming
2.1 WHAT IS SCIENCE?
Science depends on skepticism and accuracy
Deductive and inductive reasoning are both useful
Testable hypotheses and theories are essential tools
Understanding probability helps reduce uncertainty
Statistics can indicate the probability that your results were random
Exploring Science Why Do Scientists Answer Questions with a Number?
Experimental design can reduce bias
Models are an important experimental strategy
2.2 SYSTEMS INVOLVE INTERACTIONS
Systems can be described in terms of their characteristics
Systems may exhibit stability
2.3 SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS AND CONFLICT
Detecting pseudoscience relies on independent, critical thinking
Data Analysis Working with Graphs
Chapter 3 Matter, Energy, and Life
Case Study Chesapeake Bay: How Do We Improve on a C?
3.1 ELEMENTS OF LIFE
Atoms, elements, and compounds
Chemical bonds hold molecules together
Unique properties of water
Ions react and bond to form compounds
Organic compounds have a carbon backbone
Cells are the fundamental units of life
Exploring Science Gene Editing
3.2 ENERGY
Energy varies in intensity
Thermodynamics regulates energy transfers
3.3 ENERGY FOR LIFE
Extremophiles gain energy without sunlight
Photosynthesis captures energy; respiration releases that energy
3.4 FROM SPECIES TO ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems include living and nonliving parts
Food webs link species of different trophic levels
Ecological pyramids describe trophic levels
3.5 MATERIAL CYCLES
The hydrologic cycle redistributes water
Carbon cycles through earth, air, water, and life
Nitrogen occurs in many forms
Phosphorus follows a one-way path
Data Analysis Inspect the Chesapeake?s Report Card
Chapter 4 Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions
Case Study Natural Selection in the Galápagos Islands
4.1 EVOLUTION PRODUCES SPECIES DIVERSITY
Natural selection leads to evolution
All species live within limits
The ecological niche is a species? role and environment
Speciation maintains species diversity
Taxonomy describes relationships among species
Exploring Science New Flu Vaccines
4.2 SPECIES INTERACTIONS SHAPE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Competition leads to resource allocation
Predation affects species relationships
Some adaptations help avoid predation
Symbiosis involves intimate relations among species
Exploring Science Say Hello to Your 90 Trillion Little Friends
Keystone species have disproportionate influence
4.3 COMMUNITY PROPERTIES AFFECT SPECIES AND POPULATIONS
Productivity is a measure of biological activity
What Can You Do? Working Locally for Ecological Diversity
Abundance and diversity measure the number and variety of organisms
Community structure is the spatial distribution of organisms
Complexity and connectedness are important ecological indicators
Resilience and stability make communities resistant to disturbance
Edges and boundaries are the interfaces between adjacent communities
4.4 COMMUNITIES ARE DYNAMIC AND CHANGE OVER TIME
The nature of communities is debated
Ecological succession involves changes in community composition
Appropriate disturbances can benefit some communities
Introduced species can cause profound community change
Data Analysis Species Competition
Chapter 5 Biomes: Global Patterns of Life
Case Study Spreading Green Across Kenya
5.1 TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
Tropical moist forests have rain year-round
Exploring Science How Do We Describe Climate Regions?
Tropical seasonal forests have yearly dry seasons
Tropical savannas and grasslands support few trees
Deserts can be hot or cold, but all are dry
Temperate grasslands have rich soils
Temperate shrublands have summer drought
Temperate forests can be evergreen or deciduous
Boreal forests occur at high latitudes
Tundra can freeze in any month
5.2 MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
Depth controls light penetration and temperature
Coastal zones support rich, diverse communities
5.3 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
Temperature and light vary with depth in lakes
Wetlands are shallow and productive
5.4 HUMAN DISTURBANCE
Data Analysis Reading Climate Graphs
Chapter 6 Population Biology
Case Study Are We Fishing to Extinction?
6.1 DYNAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
We can describe growth symbolically
Exponential growth involves continuous change
Exponential growth leads to crashes
Logistic growth slows with population increase
Species respond to limits differently: r- and K-selected species
6.2 FACTORS THAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH
What Do You Think? Too Many Deer?
Survivorship curves show life histories
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are important
Some population factors are density-independent; others are density-dependent
Density-dependent effects can be dramatic
6.3 POPULATION SIZE AND CONSERVATION
Exploring Science How Do You Count Tuna?
Small island populations are vulnerable
Genetic diversity may help a population survive
Population viability can depend on population size
Conclusion
Data Analysis Experimenting with Population Growth
Chapter 7 Human Populations
Case Study Population Stabilization in Brazil
7.1 POPULATION GROWTH
Human populations grew slowly until relatively recently
7.2 PERSPECTIVES ON POPULATION GROWTH
Does population growth cause poverty, or does poverty cause growth?
Technology can increase carrying capacity for humans
Population growth could bring benefits
7.3 MANY FACTORS DETERMINE POPULATION GROWTH
How many of us are there?
Fertility rates are falling in many countries
Mortality offsets births
Life span and life expectancy describe our potential longevity
What Do You Think? China?s One-Child Policy
Living longer has demographic implications
Emigration and immigration are important demographic factors
Many factors increase our desire for children
Other factors discourage reproduction
Could we have a birth dearth?
7.4 THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Economic and social development influence birth and death rates
There are reasons to be optimistic about population
Many people remain pessimistic about population growth
Social justice is an important consideration
Child health affects fertility
Family planning gives us choices
The choices we make determine our future
Data Analysis Population Change over Time
Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Toxicology
Case Study PFOA: Miracle or Menace?
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
The global disease burden is changing
Infectious and emergent diseases still kill millions of people
Emerging diseases devastate wildlife populations
Resistance to drugs, antibiotics, and pesticides is increasing
What would better health cost?
8.2 TOXICOLOGY
How do toxic substances affect us?
What Can You Do? Tips for Staying Healthy
How does diet influence health?
8.3 THE MOVEMENT, DISTRIBUTION, AND FATE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Compounds dissolve either in water or in fat
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification increase concentrations of chemicals
Persistence makes some materials a greater threat
POPs are an especially serious problem
Synergistic interactions can increase toxicity
Our bodies degrade and excrete toxic substances
8.4 TOXICITY AND RISK ASSESSMENT
Dose-response curves show toxicity in lab animals
There is a wide range of toxicity
Acute and chronic doses and effects differ
Detectable levels aren?t always dangerous
Low doses can have variable effects
Some symptoms can be erroneous
Risk perception isn?t always rational
Risk acceptance depends on many factors
Exploring Science The Epigenome
8.5 ESTABLISHING HEALTH POLICY
Data Analysis How Do We Evaluate Risk and Fear?
Chapter 9 Food and Hunger
Case Study Becoming a Locavore in the Dining Hall
9.1 WORLD FOOD AND NUTRITION
Millions of people are still chronically hungry
Famines usually have political and social causes
Overeating is a growing world problem
We need the right kinds of food
High prices remain a global problem
9.2 KEY FOOD SOURCES
Rising meat production has costs and benefits
Seafood is our only commercial wild-caught protein source
Most commercial fishing operates on an industrial scale
Aquaculture produces about half our seafood
Antibiotics are overused in intensive production
Alternative systems are also expanding
What Do You Think? Shade-Grown Coffee and Cocoa
Food Systems are Vulnerable to Climate Change
9.3 THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND GENETIC ENGINEERING
Green revolution crops are high responders
Genetic engineering moves DNA among species
Most GMOs have been engineered for pest resistance or herbicide tolerance
Safety of GMOs is widely debated
9.4 FOOD PRODUCTION POLICIES
Is genetic engineering about food production?
Farm policies can also protect the land
Data Analysis Graphing Relative Values
Chapter 10 Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices
Case Study Farming the Cerrado
10.1 WHAT IS SOIL?
Soils are complex ecosystems
Healthy soil fauna can determine soil fertility
Your food comes mostly from the A horizon
10.2 HOW DO WE USE, ABUSE, AND CONSERVE SOILS?
Arable land is unevenly distributed
Soil losses threaten farm productivity
Wind and water cause widespread erosion
Desertification affects arid land soils
Irrigation is needed but can damage soils
Plants need nutrients, but not too much
Conventional farming uses abundant fossil fuels
We can conserve and even rebuild soils
Contours and ground cover reduce runoff
Exploring Science Ancient Terra Preta Shows How to Build Soils
Reduced tillage leaves crop residue
10.3 PESTS AND PESTICIDES
Modern pesticides provide benefits but also create health risks
Organophosphates and chlorinated hydrocarbons are dominant pesticides
What Do You Think? Organic Farming in the City
Pesticides have profound environmental effects
POPs accumulate in remote places
Pesticides often impair human health
10.4 ORGANIC AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Can sustainable practices feed the world?s growing population?
What does ?organic? mean?
Strategic management can reduce pests
What Can You Do? Controlling Pests
Useful organisms can help us control pests
IPM uses a combination of techniques
Low-input agriculture aids farmers and their land
Consumers? choices play an important role
Data Analysis Graphing Changes in Pesticide Use
Chapter 11 Biodiversity: Preserving Species
Case Study Restoring Coral Reefs
11.1 BIODIVERSITY AND THE SPECIES CONCEPT
What is biodiversity?
Species are defined in different ways
Molecular techniques are rewriting taxonomy
How many species are there?
Hot spots have exceptionally high biodiversity
We benefit from biodiversity in many ways
Biodiversity provides ecological services and brings us many aesthetic and cultural benefits
11.2 WHAT THREATENS BIODIVERSITY?
Extinction is a natural process
We are accelerating extinction rates
Habitat destruction is the principal HIPPO factor
Invasive species displace resident species
Pollution and population are direct human impacts
Overharvesting results when there is a market for wild species
Overharvesting is often illegal and involves endangered species
What Can You Do? Don?t Buy Endangered Species Products
Island ecosystems are especially vulnerable to invasive species
11.3 ENDANGERED SPECIES MANAGEMENT
Hunting and fishing laws have been effective
The Endangered Species Act is a powerful tool for biodiversity protection
Recovery plans rebuild populations of endangered species
Private land is vital for species protection
Endangered species protection is controversial
Gap analysis promotes regional planning
What Can You Do? You Can Help Preserve Biodiversity
International treaties improve protection
11.4 CAPTIVE BREEDING AND SPECIES SURVIVAL PLANS
Zoos can help preserve wildlife
Exploring Science Protecting Rhinos
We need to save rare species in the wild
Data Analysis Confidence Limits in the Breeding Bird Survey
Chapter 12 Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes
Case Study Palm Oil and Endangered Species
12.1 WORLD FORESTS
Boreal and tropical forests are most abundant
Forests provide many valuable products
Tropical forests are especially threatened
Exploring Science Protecting Forests to Prevent Climate Change
Temperate forests also are threatened
What Can You Do? Lowering Your Forest Impacts
12.2 GRASSLANDS
Grazing can be sustainable or damaging
Overgrazing threatens many U.S. rangelands
Ranchers are experimenting with new methods
Rotational grazing can mimic natural regimes
12.3 PARKS AND PRESERVES
Levels of protection vary in preserves
Not all preserves are preserved
Marine ecosystems need greater protection
Conservation and economic development can work together
Native people can play important roles in nature protection
What Can You Do? Being a Responsible Ecotourist
Species survival can depend on preserve size and shape
Exploring Science Saving the Chimps of Gombe
Data Analysis Detecting Edge Effects
Chapter 13 Restoration Ecology
Case Study Restoration of the Elwha River and Its Salmon
13.1 HELPING NATURE HEAL
Restoration projects range from modest to ambitious
Restore to what?
All restoration projects involve some common components
Origins of restoration
Sometimes we can simply let nature heal itself
Native species often need help to become reestablished
13.2 RESTORATION IS GOOD FOR HUMAN ECONOMIES AND CULTURES
Tree planting can improve our quality of life
Fire is often an important restoration tool
What Can You Do? Ecological Restoration in Your Own Neighborhood
13.3 RESTORING PRAIRIES
Fire is also crucial for prairie restoration
Huge areas of shortgrass prairie are being preserved
Bison help maintain prairies
13.4 RESTORING WETLANDS AND STREAMS
Restoring water and sediment flows help wetlands heal
Replumbing the Everglades is one of the costliest restoration efforts ever
Exploring Science Measuring Restoration Success
Wetland mitigation is challenging
Constructed wetlands can filter water
Many streams need rebuilding
Severely degraded or polluted sites can be repaired or reconstructed
Data Analysis Concept Maps
Chapter 14 Geology and Earth Resources
Case Study Moving Mountains for Coal
14.1 EARTH PROCESSES AND MINERALS
Earth is a dynamic planet
Tectonic processes move continents
Rocks are composed of minerals
Rocks and minerals are recycled constantly
Weathering breaks down rocks
14.2 EARTH RESOURCES
Metals are especially valuable resources
Fossil fuels originated as peat and plankton
Exploring Science Rare Earth Minerals
Conserving resources saves energy and materials
Resource substitution reduces demand
14.3 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF RESOURCE EXTRACTION
Different mining techniques pose different risks to water and air
Processing also produces acids and metals
High-value minerals can support corruption
What Do You Think? Should We Revise Mining Laws?
14.4 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Earthquakes usually occur on plate margins
Human-induced earthquakes are becoming more common
Tsunamis can be more damaging than the earthquakes that trigger them
Volcanoes eject gas and ash, as well as lava
Landslides and mass wasting can bury villages
Floods are the greatest geological hazard
Beaches erode easily, especially in storms
Data Analysis Mapping Geological Hazards
Chapter 15 Climate Change
Case Study When Wedges Do More than Silver Bullets
15.1 WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE?
The land surface absorbs solar energy to warm our world
Gases in the atmosphere capture heat
Energy is redistributed around the globe
15.2 REGIONAL PATTERNS OF WEATHER
The Coriolis effect explains why winds seem to curve
Ocean currents modify our weather
Seasonal rain supports billions of people
Frontal systems occur where warm and cold air meet
Cyclonic storms can cause extensive damage
15.3 NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY
Ice cores tell us about climate history
El Niño is an ocean?atmosphere cycle
15.4 ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE
The IPCC assesses climate data for policymakers
Human activities increase greenhouse gases
Positive feedbacks accelerate change
How do we know that recent change is caused by humans?
15.5 WHAT EFFECTS ARE WE SEEING?
There are many effects of current climate change
Climate change will cost far more than prevention
Rising sea levels will flood many cities
Why do we still debate climate evidence?
15.6 ENVISIONING SOLUTIONS
The Paris Climate Agreement establishes new goals
What Do You Think? States Take the Lead on Climate Change
Stabilization wedges could work now
Greenhouse gases can be captured and stored
Regional initiatives show commitment to slowing climate change
What Can You Do? Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Data Analysis Examining the IPCC Assessment Reports
Chapter 16 Air Pollution
Case Study Beijing Looks for Answers to Air Pollution
16.1 MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN OUR AIR
The Clean Air Act designates standard limits
Conventional pollutants are most abundant
Mercury, from coal, is particularly dangerous
Carbon dioxide, methane, and halogens are key greenhouse gases
What Do You Think? Politics, Public Health, and the Minamata Convention
Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) can cause cancer and nerve damage
Indoor air can be worse than outdoor air
16.2 ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
Temperature inversions trap pollutants
Wind currents carry pollutants worldwide
Exploring Science The Great London Smog and Pollution Monitoring
Chlorine destroys ozone in the stratosphere
The Montreal Protocol was a resounding success
16.3 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
How does pollution make us sick?
Plants suffer cell damage and lost productivity
Acid deposition damages ecosystems
16.4 POLLUTION CONTROL
Pollutants can be captured after combustion
What Can You Do? Reducing Pollution and Saving Energy
Clean air legislation is controversial but effective
Clean air protections help the economy and public health
In developing areas, rapid growth can outpace pollution controls
Air quality improves where controls are implemented
Data Analysis How Is the Air Quality in Your Town?
Chapter 17 Water Use and Management
Case Study When Will Lake Mead Go Dry?
17.1 WATER RESOURCES
The hydrologic cycle constantly redistributes water
Water supplies are unevenly distributed
Oceans hold 97 percent of all water on earth
Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most surface fresh water
Groundwater stores large resources
Rivers, lakes, and wetlands cycle quickly
17.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USE
Many countries suffer water scarcity or water stress
Water use is increasing
Agriculture is a dominant water use
Domestic and industrial water uses tend to be far less than agricultural use
17.3 FRESHWATER SHORTAGES
Groundwater is an essential but declining resource
Groundwater overdrafts have long-term impacts
Diversion projects redistribute water
Exploring Science Measuring Invisible Water
Dams have diverse environmental and social impacts
Dams may have a limited lifespan
Climate change threatens water supplies
Would you fight for water?
17.4 WATER CONSERVATION
Exploring Science How Does Desalination Work?
Increasing water supplies
Domestic conservation has important impacts
Recycling can reduce consumption
What Can You Do? Saving Water and Preventing Pollution
Prices and policies have often discouraged conservation
Data Analysis Graphing Global Water Stress and Scarcity
Chapter 18 Water Pollution
Case Study India?s Holy River
18.1 WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is anything that degrades water quality
Infectious agents, or pathogens, cause diseases
Low oxygen levels indicate nutrient contamination
Nutrient enrichment leads to cultural eutrophication
Eutrophication can cause toxic tides and ?dead zones?
Metals are important inorganic pollutants
Exploring Science Studying the Dead Zone
Acidic runoff can destroy aquatic ecosystems
Organic pollutants include drugs, pesticides, and industrial products
Oil spills are common and often intentional
Sediment also degrades water quality
Thermal pollution threatens sensitive organisms
18.2 WATER QUALITY TODAY
The Clean Water Act protects our water
Nonpoint sources are difficult to control
Water pollution is especially serious in developing countries
Water treatment improves safety
Is bottled water safer?
Groundwater is hard to monitor and clean
There are few controls on ocean pollution
18.3 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Controlling nonpoint sources requires land management
Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations are low
Exploring Science Inexpensive Water Purification
Water remediation may involve containment, extraction, or phytoremediation
What Can You Do? Steps You Can Take to Improve Water Quality
18.4 WATER LEGISLATION
The Clean Water Act was ambitious, bipartisan, and largely successful
Clean water reauthorization remains contentious
Other important legislation protects water quality
Data Analysis Examining Pollution Sources
Chapter 19 Conventional Energy
Case Study The End of Coal?
19.1 ENERGY RESOURCES AND USES
How do we measure energy?
Fossil fuels still supply most of the world?s energy
19.2 COAL
Coal resources are greater than we can use
Coal use is declining in the U.S.
Is clean coal technology the answer?
19.3 OIL
Extreme oil and tar sands have extended our supplies
Risks and costs of oil extraction
Shipping oil can be dangerous and disruptive
The United States has large supplies of unconventional oil
Refineries are major sources of air pollution
19.4 NATURAL GAS
Most of the world?s currently known natural gas is in a few countries
What Do You Think? The Fracking Debate
Gas can be shipped to market
Other unconventional gas sources
19.5 NUCLEAR POWER
How do nuclear reactors work?
There are many different reactor designs
Breeder reactors might extend the life of our nuclear fuel
We lack safe storage for radioactive wastes
Decommissioning nuclear plants is costly
The changing fortunes of nuclear power
What Do You Think? Twilight for Nuclear Power?
Data Analysis Comparing Energy Use and Standards of Living
Chapter 20 Sustainable Energy
Case Study A Renewable Energy Transition
20.1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
There are many ways to save energy
Green buildings dramatically reduce energy costs
Transportation could be far more efficient
Exploring Science Greening Gotham: Can New York Reach Its 80 by 50 Goal?
Cogeneration produces both electricity and heat
Smart metering can save money and energy
What Can You Do? Steps You Can Take to Save Energy
20.2 SOLAR ENERGY
Solar heat collectors can be passive or active
High-temperature solar produces electricity
Photovoltaic cells generate electricity directly
Public policy can promote renewable energy
Distributed power generation is decentralized
20.3 WIND
Wind could meet all our energy needs
20.4 FUEL CELLS AND BIOMASS
Fuel cells produce electricity chemically
Biomass is an ancient and modern energy source
Methane from biomass can be clean and efficient
Ethanol and biodiesel can contribute to fuel supplies
Cellulosic ethanol could be better than using food crops for fuel
Could algae be an efficient energy source?
20.5 HYDROPOWER, TIDAL, AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Most hydroelectricity comes from large dams
Geothermal energy is everywhere
Tides and waves contain significant energy
Ocean thermal electric conversion might be useful
The U.S. needs a supergrid
What will our energy future be?
Data Analysis Energy Calculations
Chapter 21 Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste
Case Study Plastic Seas
21.1 WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE?
The waste stream is everything we throw away
Open dumps pollute air and water
Dumping is uncontrollable when it?s out of sight
We often export e-waste and toxic waste to countries ill-equipped to handle it
Landfills receive most of our waste
Incineration produces energy but also pollutes
Well-run incinerators can be clean
21.2 SHRINKING THE WASTE STREAM
Recycling has multiple benefits
Recycling plastic is especially difficult
Compost and biogas are useful products
Appliances and e-waste must be demanufactured
Reuse is more efficient than recycling
Reducing waste is the best option
What Can You Do? Reducing Waste
21.3 HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTES
Hazardous waste must be recycled, contained, or detoxified
Federal legislation requires waste management
Superfund sites are listed for federal cleanup
Brownfields present both liability and opportunity
What Do You Think? Environmental Justice
What Can You Do? Alternatives to Hazardous Household Chemicals
Hazardous waste can be recycled or contained
Substances can be converted to safer forms
Permanent storage is often needed
Exploring Science Phytoremediation: Cleaning Up Toxic Waste with Plants
Data Analysis How Much Do You Know about Recycling?
Chapter 22 Urbanization and Sustainable Cities
Case Study Vauban: A Car-Free Suburb
22.1 URBANIZATION
Cities have specialized functions
Large cities are expanding rapidly
Push and pull factors motivate people to move to cities
Government policies can drive urban growth
22.2 URBAN CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Traffic congestion and air quality are growing problems
Insufficient sewage treatment causes water pollution
Many cities lack adequate housing
22.3 URBAN CHALLENGES IN THE DEVELOPED WORLD
What Do You Think? People for Community Recovery
Urban sprawl consumes land and resources
Transportation is crucial in city development
Public transit can make cities more livable
22.4 SMART GROWTH
Garden cities and new towns were early examples of smart growth
New urbanism promoted smart growth
Green urbanism aims for more sustainable cities
What Do You Think? The Architecture of Hope
Open-space design preserves landscapes
Data Analysis Plotting Urban and Economic Indicators
Chapter 23 Ecological Economics
Case Study Using Economics to Fight Climate Change
23.1 PERSPECTIVES ON THE ECONOMY
Can development be sustainable?
Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable
Classical economics examines supply and demand
Neoclassical economics emphasizes growth
23.2 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
Ecological economics assigns value to ecosystems
Ecosystem services include provisioning, regulating, and aesthetic values
23.3 POPULATION, SCARCITY, AND TECHNOLOGY
Does scarcity lead to new technologies?
Common property resources are a classic problem in ecological economics
Scarcity can lead to innovation
Carrying capacity is not necessarily fixed
Economic models compare growth scenarios
23.4 MEASURING GROWTH
GNP is our dominant growth measure
Alternate measures account for well-being
Cost?benefit analysis aims to optimize benefits
23.5 CAN MARKETS REDUCE POLLUTION?
Sulfur trading offers a good model
Is emissions trading the answer?
Are carbon taxes a better answer?
23.6 GREEN DEVELOPMENT AND BUSINESS
International trade brings benefits but also intensifies inequities
Microlending helps the poorest of the poor
Green business involves efficiency and creative solutions
What Do You Think? Loans that Save Lives
New business models adopt concepts of ecology
Efficiency starts with product design
Green consumerism gives the public a voice
What Can You Do? Personally Responsible Economy
Environmental Protection Creates Jobs
Data Analysis Evaluating the Limits to Growth
Chapter 24 Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning
Case Study Can Policy Protect Elephants?
24.1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLICY
Basic principles guide environmental policy
Money influences policy
Public awareness and action shape policy
24.2 MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
NEPA (1969) establishes public oversight
The Clean Air Act (1970) regulates air emissions
The Clean Water Act (1972) protects surface water
The Endangered Species Act (1973) protects wildlife
The Superfund Act (1980) lists hazardous sites
24.3 HOW ARE POLICIES MADE?
Congress and legislatures vote on statutory laws
Judges decide case law
Executive agencies make rules and enforce laws
How much government do we want?
24.4 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
Major international agreements
Enforcement often depends on national pride
24.5 NEW APPROACHES TO POLICY
Community-based planning uses local knowledge
Green plans outline goals for sustainability
Bolivia?s Law of Mother Earth
Data Analysis Examine Your Environmental Laws
Chapter 25 What Then Shall We Do?
Case Study 350.org: Building a Climate Movement
25.1 MAKING A DIFFERENCE
Environmental literacy has lasting importance
Citizen science lets everyone participate
Exploring Science Doing Citizen Science with eBird
Environmental careers range from engineering to education
Green business and technology are growing fast
25.2 WHAT CAN INDIVIDUALS DO?
All choices are environmental choices
What Can You Do? Reducing Your Impact
Green consumerism encourages corporations to have an environmental conscience
You are a citizen, as well as a consumer
You can learn leadership
You can own this class
25.3 HOW CAN WE WORK TOGETHER?
National organizations influence policy
New players bring energy to policy making
International NGOs mobilize many people
25.4 CAMPUS GREENING
Schools provide environmental leadership
What Do You Think? Divestment: Environmental Science, Policy, and Economics
A green campus is an educational opportunity
25.5 SUSTAINABILITY IS A GLOBAL CHALLENGE
Sustainable development means social, environmental, and economic goals
Data Analysis Campus Environmental Audit
Glossary
Index

Ages: 18+

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