Minerals : their constitution and origin / Hans-Rudolf Wenk, Andrey Bulakh.

By: Wenk, Hans-Rudolf, 1941- [author.]
Contributor(s): Bulakh, A. G. (Andreĭ Glebovich) [author.]
Language: English Publisher: Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016Edition: Second editionDescription: xxi, 621 pages, 32 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations (some color), maps ; 25 cmContent type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9781107514041; 9781107106260Subject(s): MineralogyDDC classification: 549 LOC classification: QE363.2 | .W46 2016
Contents:
Contents Preface page xiii Figure credits xvii Praise for the fi rst edition xxi Part I Minerals as chemical compounds 1 1 Subject and history of mineralogy 3 1.1 What is mineralogy? 3 1.2 History 3 1.3 Major directions of investigation 8 1.4 Some preliminary advice 9 1.5 De fi nition of crystal and mineral 10 1.6 Summary 10 2 Elements, bonding, simple structures, and ionic radii 12 2.1 Chemical elements 12 2.2 Bonding 15 2.3 Ionic radii 22 2.4 Radius ratio and coordination polyhedra 24 2.5 Some general rules concerning ionic structures 29 2.6 Summary 29 3 Isomorphism, solid solutions, and polymorphism 31 3.1 Isomorphism and solid solutions 31 3.2 Polymorphism and phase transitions 32 3.3 Summary 36 4. Chemical formulas of minerals 37 4.1 Ideal formulas 37 4.2 Empirical formulas 37 4.3 Calculation of chemical formulas from weight percentage of oxides 37 4.4 Simpli fi ed formulas 38 4.5 How to use ternary diagrams 39 4.6 Summary 41 5 Chemical classi fi cation and names of minerals 42 5.1 Minerals, mineral species, and mineral varieties 42 5.2 Chemical classi fi cation of minerals 42 5.3 Mineral names 47 5.4 Summary 47 6 Mineral identi fi cation of hand specimens 49 6.1 Different scales 49 6.2 State of aggregation (including crystallographic form and habit) 49 6.3 Color, streak, and luster 50 6.4 Mechanical properties 51 6.5 Density and speci fi c gravity 54 6.6 Other properties 54 6.7 Associations of minerals 54 6.8 Some directions for practical mineral identi fi cation 54 6.9 Summary 56 Part II Symmetry expressed in crystal structures and morphology 59 7 The concept of a lattice and description of crystal structures 61 7.1 Discovery of the lattice 61 7.2 Symmetry considerations 63 7.3 The unit cell as the basic building block of a crystal 64 7.4 Representation of lattice lines and planes with rational indices 72 7.5 Relations between lattice planes and lattice lines 76 7.6 Crystal structure 78 7.7 Summary 80 8 Crystal symmetries: point-groups and space-groups 81 8.1 Introduction 81 8.2 Spherical representations of morphology 81 8.3 Point-group symmetry 89 8.4 Crystallographic forms 100 8.5 Some comments on space-groups 102 8.6 Summary 106 9 Crystalline defects 108 9.1 Types of defects 108 9.2 Point defects 108 9.3 Dislocations (line defects) 108 9.4 Planar defects during growth 110 9.5 Planar defects during phase transformations 111 9.6 Quasicrystals 116 9.7 Radiation defects and radioactive decay 116 9.8 Summary 117 10 Crystal growth and aggregation 118 10.1 Crystal habit 118 10.2 Nucleation and growth 120 10.3 Various growth effects 125 10.4 Aggregation 127 10.5 Summary 128 Part III Physical investigation and properties of minerals 131 11 X-ray diffraction 133 11.1 Basic concepts 133 11.2 Brief discussion of waves 136 11.3 Laue and Bragg equations 137 11.4 The powder method 141 Contents vi 11.5 Crystal identi fi cation with the powder method 143 11.6 X-rays and crystal structure 143 11.7 Additional atomic scattering considerations 146 11.8 Summary 146 12 Physical properties 149 12.1 Vectors and tensors: general issues 149 12.2 Symmetry considerations 151 12.3 Tensors of different ranks 152 12.4 Density 152 12.5 Thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and speci fi c heat 154 12.6 Elastic properties 155 12.7 Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity 159 12.8 Magnetic properties 160 12.9 Summary 164 13 Optical properties 166 13.1 Some physical background 166 13.2 Refractive index and optical applications 168 13.3 Polarization and birefringence 173 13.4 The optical indicatrix 180 13.5 Dispersion 185 13.6 Pleochroism 186 13.7 Summary 187 14 Mineral identi fi cation with the petrographic microscope 189 14.1 Sample preparation 189 14.2 Microscope alignment 190 14.3 Determination of the refractive index 191 14.4 Use of interference colors 191 14.5 Observation of interference fi gures with convergent light 196 14.6 Characteristics of important rock-forming minerals 202 14.7 Summary 215 15 Color 217 15.1 Overview 217 15.2 Absorption 217 15.3 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 221 15.4 Dispersion 222 15.5 Luster 222 15.6 Microstructure 222 15.7 Summary 223 16 Advanced analytical methods 225 16.1 Overview 225 16.2 High-resolution imaging 226 16.3 Diffraction 234 16.4 Spectroscopic methods 238 16.5 Summary 248 17 Mechanical properties and deformation 251 17.1 Stress ? strain 251 17.2 Deformation by slip 252 17.3 Dislocation microstructures 254 17.4 Mechanical twinning 254 17.5 Polycrystal plasticity 256 17.6 Summary 256 Part IV Mineral-forming processes 259 18 Mineral genesis 261 18.1 Overview 261 18.2 Mineral-forming environments 261 18.3 Types of mineral crystallization 264 18.4 Types of mineral deposits 265 18.5 Multistage processes, generations, and parageneses 267 18.6 Typomorphism of minerals 267 18.7 Summary 269 19 Considerations of thermodynamics 270 19.1 Background 270 19.2 Energy minimum in a system 271 19.3 The simplest thermodynamic calculations and diagrams 272 19.4 Electrolytes and Eh ? pH phase diagrams 278 19.5 Phase rule 282 19.6 Summary 283 20 Phase diagrams 284 20.1 Introduction 284 20.2 Diagrams for crystallization from a melt 284 20.3 Pressure ? temperature phase diagrams and implications for the Earth mantle 285 20.4 Melting behavior of solid solutions 286 20.5 Exsolution 289 20.6 Summary 290 Part V A systematic look at mineral groups 293 21 Important information about silica minerals and feldspars. Their occurrence in granites and pegmatites 295 21.1 Silica minerals 295 21.2 Feldspars 299 21.3 Brief description of silica minerals 307 21.4 Brief description of feldspars 309 21.5 The origin of granite 311 21.6 Pegmatites 315 21.7 Summary 315 22 Simple compounds. Unusual mineral occurrences 317 22.1 Background about metals and intermetallics 317 22.2 Crystal structures and relationships to morphology and physical properties 317 22.3 Brief description of important minerals of the native elements 321 22.4 Unusual conditions of formation 323 22.5 Summary 324 23 Halides. Evaporite deposits 325 23.1 Common compositional and structural features of halides 325 23.2 Brief description of halide minerals 327 23.3 Origin of halide minerals 327 23.4 Commercial deposits 334 23.5 Summary 334 24 Carbonates and other minerals with triangular anion groups. Sedimentary origins 336 24.1 Characteristic features of composition and crystal chemistry of carbonates and borates 336 24.2 Morphology and properties of carbonates 340 24.3 Brief description of important carbonate minerals 340 24.4 Formation conditions of carbonates 342 24.5 Carbonates in sedimentary rocks: chemical and biological origins 344 24.6 Summary 349 25 Phosphates, sulfates, and related minerals. Apatite as a biogenic mineral 350 25.1 Phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates 350 25.2 Brief description of important phosphate minerals 350 25.3 Sulfates and tungstates 352 25.4 Brief description of important sulfate and tungstate minerals 352 25.5 Biogenic processes 356 25.6 Summary 360 26 Sul fi des and related minerals. Hydrothermal processes 361 26.1 Crystal chemistry 361 26.2 Brief description of important sul fi de minerals 365 26.3 Sul fi de genesis and hydrothermal deposits 368 26.4 Weathering and oxidation of sul fi des 374 26.5 Summary 375 27 Oxides and hydroxides. Review of ionic crystals 377 27.1 Overview 377 27.2 Ionic crystal structures 377 27.3 More complex oxide structures 382 27.4 Brief description of important oxide and hydroxide minerals 385 27.5 Summary 394 28 Orthosilicates and ring silicates. Metamorphic mineral assemblages 396 28.1 General comments on silicates 396 28.2 Orthosilicates 399 28.3 Brief description of important orthosilicate minerals 405 28.4 Ring silicates 409 28.5 Brief description of important ring silicate minerals 409 28.6 Metamorphic minerals 410 28.7 Summary 417 Contents 29 Sheet silicates. Weathering of silicate rocks 418 29.1 Basic structural features 418 29.2 Polytypism 423 29.3 Structure of clay minerals 425 29.4 Brief description of important sheet silicate minerals 426 29.5 Formation conditions for sheet silicates and weathering of silicate rocks 431 29.6 Clay minerals in soils 431 29.7 Summary 435 30 Chain silicates. Discussion of some igneous and metamorphic processes 437 30.1 Structural and chemical features 437 30.2 Brief description of important chain silicate minerals 445 30.3 Crystallization of igneous rocks 450 30.4 Metamorphic reactions in siliceous limestones 456 30.5 Summary 460 31 Framework silicates. Zeolites and ion exchange properties of minerals 462 31.1 The framework structure 462 31.2 Morphology and physical properties 464 31.3 Brief description of important framework silicate minerals 468 31.4 Ion exchange properties of some minerals 469 31.5 Summary 471 32 Organic minerals 473 32.1 Organic compounds 473 32.2 Chemical classes and some structures of organic minerals 474 32.3 Brief descriptions of some organic minerals 475 32.4 Summary 477 Part VI Applied mineralogy 479 33 Metalliferous mineral deposits 481 33.1 Applied mineralogy 481 33.2 Economically important minerals 482 33.3 Geological setting of metal deposits 482 33.4 Metal production around the world 489 33.5 Reserves 498 33.6 Summary 500 34 Gemstones 501 34.1 General comments about gems 501 34.2 Instruments used by gemologists 504 34.3 Important gems 507 34.4 Gemstone enhancements 510 34.5 Crystal synthesis 512 34.6 Summary 517 35 Cement minerals 518 35.1 Signi fi cance of cement 518 35.2 Some features of nonhydraulic cements 519 35.3 Portland cement 519 35.4 Some problems with concrete 522 35.5 Summary 524 36 Minerals and human health 526 36.1 Mineral-like materials in the human body 526 36.2 Minerals in nutrition 526 36.3 Minerals as health hazards 529 36.4 Summary 535 37 Mineral composition of the solar system 536 37.1 Elements in the universe 536 37.2 Minerals of meteorites 538 37.3 Minerals of the planets 542 37.4 Minerals of the Moon 546 37.5 Summary 549 38 Mineral composition of the Earth 551 38.1 Chemical composition of the Earth 551 38.2 Composition of the crust 551 38.3 Composition of the mantle 553 38.4 Composition of the inner core 557 38.5 Atmosphere and hydrosphere 558 38.6 Mineral evolution over Earth ? s history 558 38.7 Microscopic mineralogy 560 38.8 Summary 561 Appendices 563 1a.1 Metallic or submetallic luster, no cleavage or poor cleavage, sorted according to hardness 564 1a.2 Metallic or submetallic luster, distinct cleavage, sorted according to hardness 565 1b.1 Nonmetallic luster, no cleavage or poor cleavage, sorted according to hardness 566 1b.2 Nonmetallic luster, single cleavage (platy), sorted according to hardness 568 1b.3 Nonmetallic luster, polyhedral cleavage (three systems), sor ted according to hardness 570 1b.4 Nonmetallic luster, prismatic or fi brous cleavage (two systems), sorted according to hardness 572 2 Minerals that display some distinctive physical properties 574 3 Rock-forming minerals that are colored in thin section 575 4a Optically isotropic minerals, sorted according to refractive index 576 4b Minerals with very low birefringence (up to white interference colors in 30 μ m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence 577 4c Minerals with low birefringence (up to fi rst-order red interference colors in 30 μ m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence 578 4d Minerals with high birefringence (second- to fourth-order interference colors in 30 μ m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence 579 4e Minerals with very high birefringence (higher than third-order interference colors in 30 μ m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence 581 Glossary 582 References 590 Index 603 Color plates section is found between pp. 314 and 315
Summary: The new edition of this popular textbook, once again, provides an indispensable guide for the next generation of mineralogists. Designed for use on one- or two-semester courses, this second edition has been thoughtfully reorganised, making it more accessible to students, whilst still being suitable for an advanced mineralogy course. Additions include expanded introductions to many chapters, a new introductory chapter on crystal chemistry, revised figures, and an extended plates section containing beautiful colour photographs. Text boxes include historical background and case studies to engage students, and end-of-chapter questions help them reinforce concepts. With new online resources to support learning and teaching, including laboratory exercises, PowerPoint slides, useful web links and mineral identification tables, this is a sound investment for students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science, and a valuable reference for researchers, collectors and anyone interested in minerals. Divided into six parts, the book covers a wide range of topics, from the classification of minerals and structure of crystals, to the physics of minerals and how they form in the natural environment Emphasis is placed on linking minerals to broader geological processes, to show students the wider applications of mineral science The authors convey the importance of minerals within our everyday lives and their economic value, illustrating the practical significance of mineralogy
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Hans-Rudolf Wenk, University of California, Berkeley
Hans-Rudolf Wenk is Professor of the Graduate School in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of California, Berkeley. Since joining the Berkeley faculty, he has been engaged in teaching and research, covering a wide field of mineralogy, from feldspars to carbonates, metamorphic rocks to shales, and from the Earth's surface to the inner core. His particular focus has been on microstructures, investigated using electron microscopy and synchrotron X-rays.

Andrey Bulakh, St Petersburg State University
Andrey Bulakh is Professor in the Department of Mineralogy at St Petersburg State University. He is a specialist in mineralogy, geochemistry and the origin of alkaline rocks and carbonatites. More recently, he has studied the history of ornamental stones in architecture. He has written several books that are widely used at Russian universities, and was a long-time member of the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Contents
Preface
page
xiii
Figure credits
xvii
Praise for the
fi
rst edition
xxi
Part I Minerals as chemical compounds
1
1 Subject and history of mineralogy
3
1.1 What is mineralogy?
3
1.2 History
3
1.3 Major directions of investigation
8
1.4 Some preliminary advice
9
1.5 De
fi
nition of crystal and mineral
10
1.6 Summary
10
2 Elements, bonding, simple structures, and ionic radii
12
2.1 Chemical elements
12
2.2 Bonding
15
2.3 Ionic radii
22
2.4 Radius ratio and coordination polyhedra
24
2.5 Some general rules concerning ionic structures
29
2.6 Summary
29
3 Isomorphism, solid solutions, and polymorphism
31
3.1 Isomorphism and solid solutions
31
3.2 Polymorphism and phase transitions
32
3.3 Summary
36
4. Chemical formulas of minerals
37
4.1 Ideal formulas
37
4.2 Empirical formulas
37
4.3 Calculation of chemical formulas from weight percentage of oxides
37
4.4 Simpli
fi
ed formulas
38
4.5 How to use ternary diagrams
39
4.6 Summary
41
5 Chemical classi
fi
cation and names of minerals
42
5.1 Minerals, mineral species, and mineral varieties
42
5.2 Chemical classi
fi
cation of minerals
42
5.3 Mineral names
47
5.4 Summary
47
6 Mineral identi
fi
cation of hand specimens
49
6.1 Different scales
49
6.2 State of aggregation (including crystallographic form and habit)
49
6.3 Color, streak, and luster
50
6.4 Mechanical properties
51
6.5 Density and speci
fi
c gravity
54
6.6 Other properties
54
6.7 Associations of minerals
54
6.8 Some directions for practical mineral identi
fi
cation
54
6.9 Summary
56
Part II Symmetry expressed in crystal structures and morphology
59
7 The concept of a lattice and description of crystal structures
61
7.1 Discovery of the lattice
61
7.2 Symmetry considerations
63
7.3 The unit cell as the basic building block of a crystal
64
7.4 Representation of lattice lines and planes with rational indices
72
7.5 Relations between lattice planes and lattice lines
76
7.6 Crystal structure
78
7.7 Summary
80
8 Crystal symmetries: point-groups and space-groups
81
8.1 Introduction
81
8.2 Spherical representations of morphology
81
8.3 Point-group symmetry
89
8.4 Crystallographic forms
100
8.5 Some comments on space-groups
102
8.6 Summary
106
9 Crystalline defects
108
9.1 Types of defects
108
9.2 Point defects
108
9.3 Dislocations (line defects)
108
9.4 Planar defects during growth
110
9.5 Planar defects during phase transformations
111
9.6 Quasicrystals
116
9.7 Radiation defects and radioactive decay
116
9.8 Summary
117
10 Crystal growth and aggregation
118
10.1 Crystal habit
118
10.2 Nucleation and growth
120
10.3 Various growth effects
125
10.4 Aggregation
127
10.5 Summary
128
Part III Physical investigation and properties of minerals
131
11 X-ray diffraction
133
11.1 Basic concepts
133
11.2 Brief discussion of waves
136
11.3 Laue and Bragg equations
137
11.4 The powder method
141
Contents
vi
11.5 Crystal identi
fi
cation with the powder method
143
11.6 X-rays and crystal structure
143
11.7 Additional atomic scattering considerations
146
11.8 Summary
146
12 Physical properties
149
12.1 Vectors and tensors: general issues
149
12.2 Symmetry considerations
151
12.3 Tensors of different ranks
152
12.4 Density
152
12.5 Thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and speci
fi
c heat
154
12.6 Elastic properties
155
12.7 Piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity
159
12.8 Magnetic properties
160
12.9 Summary
164
13 Optical properties
166
13.1 Some physical background
166
13.2 Refractive index and optical applications
168
13.3 Polarization and birefringence
173
13.4 The optical indicatrix
180
13.5 Dispersion
185
13.6 Pleochroism
186
13.7 Summary
187
14 Mineral identi
fi
cation with the petrographic microscope
189
14.1 Sample preparation
189
14.2 Microscope alignment
190
14.3 Determination of the refractive index
191
14.4 Use of interference colors
191
14.5 Observation of interference
fi
gures with convergent light
196
14.6 Characteristics of important rock-forming minerals
202
14.7 Summary
215
15 Color
217
15.1 Overview
217
15.2 Absorption
217
15.3 Fluorescence and phosphorescence
221
15.4 Dispersion
222
15.5 Luster
222
15.6 Microstructure
222
15.7 Summary
223
16 Advanced analytical methods
225
16.1 Overview
225
16.2 High-resolution imaging
226
16.3 Diffraction
234
16.4 Spectroscopic methods
238
16.5 Summary
248
17 Mechanical properties and deformation
251
17.1 Stress
?
strain
251
17.2 Deformation by slip
252
17.3 Dislocation microstructures
254
17.4 Mechanical twinning
254
17.5 Polycrystal plasticity
256
17.6 Summary
256
Part IV Mineral-forming processes
259
18 Mineral genesis
261
18.1 Overview
261
18.2 Mineral-forming environments
261
18.3 Types of mineral crystallization
264
18.4 Types of mineral deposits
265
18.5 Multistage processes, generations, and parageneses
267
18.6 Typomorphism of minerals
267
18.7 Summary
269
19 Considerations of thermodynamics
270
19.1 Background
270
19.2 Energy minimum in a system
271
19.3 The simplest thermodynamic calculations and diagrams
272
19.4 Electrolytes and Eh
?
pH phase diagrams
278
19.5 Phase rule
282
19.6 Summary
283
20 Phase diagrams
284
20.1 Introduction
284
20.2 Diagrams for crystallization from a melt
284
20.3 Pressure
?
temperature phase diagrams and implications for the Earth mantle
285
20.4 Melting behavior of solid solutions
286
20.5 Exsolution
289
20.6 Summary
290
Part V A systematic look at mineral groups
293
21 Important information about silica minerals and feldspars.
Their occurrence in granites and pegmatites
295
21.1 Silica minerals
295
21.2 Feldspars
299
21.3 Brief description of silica minerals
307
21.4 Brief description of feldspars
309
21.5 The origin of granite
311
21.6 Pegmatites
315
21.7 Summary
315
22 Simple compounds. Unusual mineral occurrences
317
22.1 Background about metals and intermetallics
317
22.2 Crystal structures and relationships to morphology and physical properties
317
22.3 Brief description of important minerals of the native elements
321
22.4 Unusual conditions of formation
323
22.5 Summary
324
23 Halides. Evaporite deposits
325
23.1 Common compositional and structural features of halides
325
23.2 Brief description of halide minerals
327
23.3 Origin of halide minerals
327
23.4 Commercial deposits
334
23.5 Summary
334
24 Carbonates and other minerals with triangular anion groups.
Sedimentary origins
336
24.1 Characteristic features of composition and crystal chemistry of carbonates
and borates
336
24.2 Morphology and properties of carbonates
340
24.3 Brief description of important carbonate minerals
340
24.4 Formation conditions of carbonates
342
24.5 Carbonates in sedimentary rocks: chemical and biological origins
344
24.6 Summary
349
25 Phosphates, sulfates, and related minerals. Apatite as a biogenic mineral
350
25.1 Phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates
350
25.2 Brief description of important phosphate minerals
350
25.3 Sulfates and tungstates
352
25.4 Brief description of important sulfate and tungstate minerals
352
25.5 Biogenic processes
356
25.6 Summary
360
26 Sul
fi
des and related minerals. Hydrothermal processes
361
26.1 Crystal chemistry
361
26.2 Brief description of important sul
fi
de minerals
365
26.3 Sul
fi
de genesis and hydrothermal deposits
368
26.4 Weathering and oxidation of sul
fi
des
374
26.5 Summary
375
27 Oxides and hydroxides. Review of ionic crystals
377
27.1 Overview
377
27.2 Ionic crystal structures
377
27.3 More complex oxide structures
382
27.4 Brief description of important oxide and hydroxide minerals
385
27.5 Summary
394
28 Orthosilicates and ring silicates. Metamorphic mineral assemblages
396
28.1 General comments on silicates
396
28.2 Orthosilicates
399
28.3 Brief description of important orthosilicate minerals
405
28.4 Ring silicates
409
28.5 Brief description of important ring silicate minerals
409
28.6 Metamorphic minerals
410
28.7 Summary
417
Contents
29 Sheet silicates. Weathering of silicate rocks
418
29.1 Basic structural features
418
29.2 Polytypism
423
29.3 Structure of clay minerals
425
29.4 Brief description of important sheet silicate minerals
426
29.5 Formation conditions for sheet silicates and weathering of silicate rocks
431
29.6 Clay minerals in soils
431
29.7 Summary
435
30 Chain silicates. Discussion of some igneous and metamorphic processes
437
30.1 Structural and chemical features
437
30.2 Brief description of important chain silicate minerals
445
30.3 Crystallization of igneous rocks
450
30.4 Metamorphic reactions in siliceous limestones
456
30.5 Summary
460
31 Framework silicates. Zeolites and ion exchange properties of minerals
462
31.1 The framework structure
462
31.2 Morphology and physical properties
464
31.3 Brief description of important framework silicate minerals
468
31.4 Ion exchange properties of some minerals
469
31.5 Summary
471
32 Organic minerals
473
32.1 Organic compounds
473
32.2 Chemical classes and some structures of organic minerals
474
32.3 Brief descriptions of some organic minerals
475
32.4 Summary
477
Part VI Applied mineralogy
479
33 Metalliferous mineral deposits
481
33.1 Applied mineralogy
481
33.2 Economically important minerals
482
33.3 Geological setting of metal deposits
482
33.4 Metal production around the world
489
33.5 Reserves
498
33.6 Summary
500
34 Gemstones
501
34.1 General comments about gems
501
34.2 Instruments used by gemologists
504
34.3 Important gems
507
34.4 Gemstone enhancements
510
34.5 Crystal synthesis
512
34.6 Summary
517
35 Cement minerals
518
35.1 Signi
fi
cance of cement
518
35.2 Some features of nonhydraulic cements
519
35.3 Portland cement
519
35.4 Some problems with concrete
522
35.5 Summary
524
36 Minerals and human health
526
36.1 Mineral-like materials in the human body
526
36.2 Minerals in nutrition
526
36.3 Minerals as health hazards
529
36.4 Summary
535
37 Mineral composition of the solar system
536
37.1 Elements in the universe
536
37.2 Minerals of meteorites
538
37.3 Minerals of the planets
542
37.4 Minerals of the Moon
546
37.5 Summary
549
38 Mineral composition of the Earth
551
38.1 Chemical composition of the Earth
551
38.2 Composition of the crust
551
38.3 Composition of the mantle
553
38.4 Composition of the inner core
557
38.5 Atmosphere and hydrosphere
558
38.6 Mineral evolution over Earth
?
s history
558
38.7 Microscopic mineralogy
560
38.8 Summary
561
Appendices
563
1a.1 Metallic or submetallic luster, no cleavage or poor cleavage, sorted according to
hardness
564
1a.2 Metallic or submetallic luster, distinct cleavage, sorted according to hardness
565
1b.1 Nonmetallic luster, no cleavage or poor cleavage, sorted according to hardness
566
1b.2 Nonmetallic luster, single cleavage (platy), sorted according to hardness
568
1b.3 Nonmetallic luster, polyhedral cleavage (three systems), sor
ted according to hardness 570
1b.4 Nonmetallic luster, prismatic or
fi
brous cleavage (two systems), sorted
according to hardness
572
2
Minerals that display some distinctive physical properties
574
3
Rock-forming minerals that are colored in thin section
575
4a Optically isotropic minerals, sorted according to refractive index
576
4b Minerals with very low birefringence (up to white interference colors in
30
μ
m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence
577
4c Minerals with low birefringence (up to
fi
rst-order red interference colors in
30
μ
m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence
578
4d Minerals with high birefringence (second- to fourth-order interference colors
in 30
μ
m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence
579
4e Minerals with very high birefringence (higher than third-order interference
colors in 30
μ
m thin sections), sorted according to birefringence
581
Glossary
582
References
590
Index
603
Color plates section is found between pp. 314 and 315

The new edition of this popular textbook, once again, provides an indispensable guide for the next generation of mineralogists. Designed for use on one- or two-semester courses, this second edition has been thoughtfully reorganised, making it more accessible to students, whilst still being suitable for an advanced mineralogy course. Additions include expanded introductions to many chapters, a new introductory chapter on crystal chemistry, revised figures, and an extended plates section containing beautiful colour photographs. Text boxes include historical background and case studies to engage students, and end-of-chapter questions help them reinforce concepts. With new online resources to support learning and teaching, including laboratory exercises, PowerPoint slides, useful web links and mineral identification tables, this is a sound investment for students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science, and a valuable reference for researchers, collectors and anyone interested in minerals.

Divided into six parts, the book covers a wide range of topics, from the classification of minerals and structure of crystals, to the physics of minerals and how they form in the natural environment
Emphasis is placed on linking minerals to broader geological processes, to show students the wider applications of mineral science
The authors convey the importance of minerals within our everyday lives and their economic value, illustrating the practical significance of mineralogy

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