Risk and hazard management for festivals and events / Peter Wynn-Moylan.

Author(s) Bio

Peter Wynn-Moylan is a Lecturer on Special Events and Conventions Management at the School of Business and Tourism, Southern Cross University, Australia. He has had a 40-year career in event management covering all aspects of the industry.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Objectives --
Duty of care --
ALARP: managing hazard to a level that is 'as low as reasonably practicable' --
Occupational health and safety --
Defining occupational health and safety (OH & S) --
Information sources --
Workplace health and safety responsibilities --
Persons conducting a business or undertaking --
Consultation --
Definition of worker --
Other persons at an event --
Laws, regulations and codes of practice --
Regulations --
prescriptive standards --
Performance-based standards --
Process standards --
Codes of practice --
Administration of legislation --
Inspections --
Notification --
Waivers --
Manage the risk --
Transfer the risk --
Process --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Event safety policy --
Organisational structure and allocation of responsibilities --
Health and safety officer --
Partnerships --
Multi-agency teamwork --
Implementing a safety planning process --
Identifying activities --
Hazard and risk management process --
Hazard management definitions --
Hazard evaluation --
Establish the context --
The main steps in identifying hazardous conditions --
Checklists --
Evaluation of hazards --
Priority --
Software --
Control of hazards --
Protocols --
Public --
Basic --
Specific --
Comprehensive --
Monitoring and evaluation --
Monitor and review --
Information management --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Death and injury in crowds at festivals and events --
Crowd crush --
Crowd turbulence or crowd quake --
Defining crowds --
One crowd or many --
Crowd behaviour theory --
Crowding perception --
Place scripts (habitual behaviour in a place) --
Crowd behaviour in an emergency --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Managing crowds --
Crowd management or crowd control --
Planning and preparation --
Good practice manuals for crowd management planning --
What if ...? Simulation modelling --
Modelling techniques --
Various models for simulating crowd behaviours --
Evacuation simulation software --
'What if' exercises --
DIM-ICE model --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Space --
Density and movement --
Crowd flow --
Crowd processing --
Early opening and delayed closing --
Ticketing --
Queueing theory --
Flow charts --
Crowd monitoring and control --
Crowd characteristics --
Crowd control staff --
Assessing required staff numbers --
Stewarding and ushering --
Crowd monitoring tasks --
Monitoring points --
Closed circuit television (CCTV) --
Post-event dispersal of the crowd --
Staff crowd management training --
Communicating with the crowd --
Pre-event communication --
During the event --
Communication messages --
Site administration office --
communications centre --
On-site communication systems --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Estimates of audience numbers --
Site and venue safety evaluation --
Pre-event inspection --
Environmental hazards --
Swimming and water areas --
Site layout and design --
Separation issues --
Crowd/traffic-related issues --
Access entry --
Emergency services access --
Street and unconfined events --
Site maps --
Creating the site map --
Computer Aided Design (CAD) --
Vehicle traffic management --
Crowd/traffic-separation related issues --
Parking --
Secure parking --
Traffic and parking controls --
Public transport --
Event signage --
Entrances and perimeters --
Barriers and fences --
Entrances and exits --
Internal site movement control --
Stairways, gangways and ramps --
Auditorium --
Seating --
Location of stages --
Accommodating special needs --
Facilities and stalls --
Restricted areas --
Backstage --
Green room --
Stage --
On-site facilities and services --
Site lighting and power requirements --
Power supply --
Stages, platforms and other performance facilities --
Temporary structures --
Doors and windows --
Seating --
Loading --
Toilet facilities --
Food vendors and staff toilets --
Maintenance --
Campgrounds --
Water --
Waste management --
Litter management --
On-site first aid --
emergency medical aid --
Medical teams --
First aid facilities --
Ambulance services --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Production --
overseeing and coordinating the site/venue set-up --
Site construction scheduling --
Production scheduling --
Schedule of resource supply --
Site construction --
Precinct control --
Sub-contractor management --
Safety monitoring --
Weather impacts --
On-site operations and facility control --
Site operations --
Immediate pre-opening activities --
Supervision of the event operation and venue services --
Compliance --
On-site staff communications --
Communications within the venue --
Overseeing of the event breakdown --
Safe work practices and equipment use --
Violence --
Assessing the risk --
Controlling the risk --
Response to violent incidents --
Stress --
Identifying stress --
Assessing the risk --
Controlling the risk --
Ergonomics --
Identifying and managing ergonomic hazards --
Personal protective clothing and equipment --
Performance area and stage safety --
Performer misbehaviour --
Hazardous equipment --
Registration, licensing, certification, permit to work --
Hazard identification and assessment process --
Overseeing equipment use work processes --
Common types of controls associated with equipment --
Stop work --
Key information transfer and feedback --
Staging equipment --
Hazardous substances and dangerous goods --
Control --
Fireworks and flares --
Fire safety --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Food --
Food vans or stalls --
Refuse disposal --
Hand washing --
Food supplies --
Food handling --
Thawing, cooking, heating and cooling --
Cleaning and sanitising --
Chemical storage --
Food storage --
temperature control --
Food handling staff considerations --
Gas cylinders --
Other stall holders --
Tattooing and body piercing --
Alcohol and drug use at festivals --
Safe partying --
Alcohol --
Adverse health and social effects --
Implementing strategies to assist guests to drink responsibly --
Harm minimisation benefits --
Responsible service of alcohol --
Staff --
Alcohol-free events --
Selling alcohol --
Time --
Designated area --
Age --
Wristbanding --
Food --
Signage --
Monitoring guests for intoxication --
Refusing to serve alcohol to intoxicated guests --
Removal of patrons from licensed premises --
Assisted removals --
Multiple assisted removals --
Other considerations --
On-site breathalysers --
Illicit drugs --
Mixing alcohol and drugs --
Overdoses --
Pill testing --
Support for testing --
Arguments against testing --
Water --
Chill-out space --
Health promotion --
Infection control and personal hygiene issues --
Sexual assault at music festivals --
Offensive behaviour --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Police --
General security staff --
Screening and patrolling --
Briefing --
Security procedures --
Passes --
Media passes --
Temporary passes --
Searching of persons entering the event --
Bag checks --
Body searches --
Warning notices --
Confiscated items --
Staff --
Selecting a security contractor --
Security screening of staff --
Controls --
Pre-employment screening --
Pre-employment checks --
Identity --
Qualifications and employment history --
Employment checks --
Criminal convictions --
Security checks for contractor staff --
Performer, celebrity and VIP security --
Shared responsibilities --
Celebrity behaviour --
Liaison with VIP security --
High profile events --
Enhanced security provision at high profile events --
Extra measures to be considered --
VIP area passes --
Security passes --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Counter terrorism protective security advice for major events --
Managing the terrorism risks --
Protective measures --
Step one: identify the threats --
Step two: protecting and identifying vulnerabilities --
Step three: identify measures to reduce risk --
Step four: review security measures and rehearse and review security and contingency plans --
Threat levels --
Response levels --
Protective security planning --
Creating the security plan --
Staff security awareness --
Improvised explosive devices --
Explosive effects of a bomb --
Causes of fatalities, injuries and damage from blasts --
Controls --
Protocols applicable to most incidents --
Site search --
Search plans --
Bomb threat --
Suicide bomb attacks --
Controls --
Firearm attacks --
Controls --
Staff protocols for a firearms/weapons incident --
Police response --
Protected spaces --
Open air events --
Suspicious deliveries --
Controls --
Chemical, biological or radiological material attacks --
Controls --
Heavy vehicle attacks --
Controls --
Hostile reconnaissance --
What to look for --
Controls --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Cancelling the event --
Suspending or re-scheduling --
Cancellation process --
Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) --
Documented procedures --
Staff --
Transition considerations --
Emergency power --
Emergency communications procedures --
Informing the public of an emergency --
Staff communications during an emergency --
Emergency communications planning --
Interagency communications --
Use of social media --
Protocols for responding to an emergency --
Emergency grab bags --
Evacuation --
Planning --
Decision to evacuate --
Delayed warnings --
Instructions to the public --
Warning interpretation. Note continued: Information and instruction --
Crowd behaviours in emergencies --
Evacuation guidance --
Emergency signs --
Leadership --
Evacuation assembly areas --
Evacuation and assembly areas --
Actions within the assembly area --
Post-emergency recovery phase --
When to re-open the venue --
Staff training --
Emergency drills --
Equipment testing --
Summary --
Bibliography --
Objectives --
Incident investigation processes --
Incident protocols --
Investigations --
Gathering information --
Investigating the incident cause --
Causal analysis tree model of an investigation --
Incident report --
Post-event hazard control review and report --
Recording issues --
Debriefing --
Revising plans and procedures --
Summary --
Bibliography.

Summary:

Events of all types are produced every day for all manner of purposes, attracting all sorts of people. To provide a safe and secure setting in which people gather is imperative. Event risk and hazard management must be fully integrated into all event plans and throughout the event management process.

Hazard management is the planning process required for the effective management of potential adverse incidents and areas of uncertainty. It involves intensive, detailed planning and cooperation to apply control systems to minimise hazards associated with venues, outdoor sites, work procedures, facilities, equipment and crowds of spectators. It involves planning for emergencies and security, and compliance with legal constraints and requirements.

Risk and Hazard Management for Festivals and Events provides students with a comprehensive, fully integrated planning and management mechanism that can be applied to events of all types and size. The Event Safety Management System provides guidelines and processes for proactive methods to identify, assess and control hazardous conditions and practices. The system incorporates design of festival venues and sites, and unites the operational functions of crowd control, communications, security, terrorism prevention processes and emergency response protocols.　　　　

Explanation of the causes of crowd disasters and studies into crowd behaviour are supported with international case studies. Written in an accessible, practical way, this book is essential reading for all events students and event managers.