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CITU |
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20230217090752.0 |
| 006 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS--ADDITIONAL MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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| 007 - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION FIXED FIELD--GENERAL INFORMATION |
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180804s2018 nju ob 001 0 eng |
| 010 ## - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER |
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| LC control number |
2018037544 |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
9781119173403 (ePub) |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| International Standard Book Number |
9781119173397 (Adobe PDF) |
| 020 ## - INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER |
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| Cancelled/invalid ISBN |
9781119173410 |
| 040 ## - CATALOGING SOURCE |
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| Original cataloging agency |
DLC |
| Language of cataloging |
eng |
| Description conventions |
rda |
| Transcribing agency |
DLC |
| Modifying agency |
DLC |
| 041 ## - LANGUAGE CODE |
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| Language code of text/sound track or separate title |
eng. |
| 042 ## - AUTHENTICATION CODE |
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| Authentication code |
pcc |
| 050 10 - LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CALL NUMBER |
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| Classification number |
TK1007 |
| 082 00 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER |
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| Classification number |
621.319 |
| Edition number |
23 |
| 100 1# - MAIN ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
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| Preferred name for the person |
Padiyar, K. R., |
| Relator term |
author. |
| 245 10 - TITLE STATEMENT |
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| Title |
Dynamics and control of electric transmission and microgrids / |
| Statement of responsibility, etc |
Professor K. R Padiyar, Professor Anil M Kulkarni. |
| 250 ## - EDITION STATEMENT |
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| Edition statement |
First edition. |
| 264 #1 - PUBLICATION, DISTRIBUTION, ETC. (IMPRINT) |
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| Place of publication, distribution, etc |
Hoboken, NJ : |
| Name of publisher, distributor, etc |
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., |
| Date of publication, distribution, etc |
2019 |
| 300 ## - PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION |
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| Extent |
1 online resource (504 pages). |
| 336 ## - CONTENT TYPE |
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| Content type term |
text |
| Content type code |
txt |
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rdacontent |
| 337 ## - MEDIA TYPE |
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computer |
| Media type code |
n |
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rdamedia |
| 338 ## - CARRIER TYPE |
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| Carrier type term |
online resource |
| Carrier type code |
nc |
| Source |
rdacarrier |
| 500 ## - GENERAL NOTE |
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| General note |
ABOUT THE AUTHOR<br/>K. R. PADIYAR is Professor Emeritus, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.<br/><br/>ANIL M. KULKARNI is Professor of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.<br/><br/> |
| 504 ## - BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. NOTE |
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| Bibliography, etc |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| 505 0# - CONTENTS |
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| Formatted contents note |
Preface xiii<br/><br/>Acknowledgements xv<br/><br/>1 Introduction 1<br/><br/>1.1 Present Status of Grid Operation 1<br/><br/>1.1.1 General 1<br/><br/>1.1.2 HVDC Transmission 4<br/><br/>1.1.3 Reliability of Electricity Supply 4<br/><br/>1.2 Overview of System Dynamics and Control 4<br/><br/>1.2.1 Power System Stability 4<br/><br/>1.2.2 Mathematical Preliminaries 6<br/><br/>Stability of Equilibrium Point 6<br/><br/>Steady-State Behavior 8<br/><br/>1.2.3 Power System Security 8<br/><br/>1.3 Monitoring and Enhancing System Security 10<br/><br/>1.4 Emergency Control and System Protection 11<br/><br/>1.5 Recent Developments 12<br/><br/>1.5.1 Power System Protection 12<br/><br/>1.5.2 Development of Smart Grids 13<br/><br/>1.5.3 Microgrids 14<br/><br/>1.5.4 Role of System Dynamics and Control 14<br/><br/>1.6 Outline of Chapters 14<br/><br/>References 17<br/><br/>2 Grid Characteristics and Operation 19<br/><br/>2.1 Description of Electric Grids 19<br/><br/>2.2 Detailed Modeling of Three-Phase AC Lines 21<br/><br/>2.3 Circuit Models of Symmetric Networks 22<br/><br/>2.4 Network Equations in DQo and 𝛼𝛽o Components 23<br/><br/>2.4.1 Transformation to Park (dqo) Components 24<br/><br/>2.4.2 Steady-State Equations 25<br/><br/>2.4.3 D-Q Transformation using 𝛼-𝛽 Variables 26<br/><br/>2.5 Frequency and Power Control 28<br/><br/>2.5.1 Tie-Line Bias Frequency Control 31<br/><br/>2.6 Dynamic Characteristics of AC Grids 33<br/><br/>2.6.1 Grid Response to Frequency Modulation 33<br/><br/>2.6.2 Grid Response to Injection of Reactive Current 35<br/><br/>2.7 Control of Power Flow in AC Grids 38<br/><br/>2.7.1 Power Transfer Capability of a Line 38<br/><br/>2.7.2 Power Flow in a Line connected to an AC Transmission Grid 41<br/><br/>2.8 Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients 42<br/><br/>2.8.1 Modeling of Lumped Parameter Components 42<br/><br/>2.8.2 Modeling of a Single-Phase Line 43<br/><br/>2.8.3 Approximation of Series Resistance of Line 44<br/><br/>2.8.4 Modeling of Lossless Multiphase Line 45<br/><br/>2.8.5 Modeling of Multiphase Networks with Lumped Parameters 46<br/><br/>2.9 Transmission Expansion Planning 47<br/><br/>2.10 Reliability in Distribution Systems 48<br/><br/>2.11 Reliable Power Flows in a Transmission Network 48<br/><br/>2.12 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Networks 50<br/><br/>2.A Analysis of a Distributed Parameter Single-Phase Line in Steady State 51<br/><br/>2.A.1 Expressions for a Lossless Line 53<br/><br/>2.A.2 Performance of a Symmetrical Line 54<br/><br/>2.B Computation of Electrical Torque 55<br/><br/>References 57<br/><br/>3 Modeling and Simulation of Synchronous Generator Dynamics 59<br/><br/>3.1 Introduction 59<br/><br/>3.2 Detailed Model of a Synchronous Machine 59<br/><br/>3.2.1 Flux Linkage Equations 60<br/><br/>3.2.2 Voltage equations 61<br/><br/>3.3 Park’s Transformation 62<br/><br/>3.4 Per-Unit Quantities 69<br/><br/>3.5 Equivalent Circuits of a Synchronous Machine 72<br/><br/>3.6 Synchronous Machine Models for Stability Analysis 76<br/><br/>3.6.1 Application of Model (2.1) 80<br/><br/>3.6.2 Application of Model (1.1) 80<br/><br/>3.6.3 Modeling of Saturation 82<br/><br/>3.7 An Exact Circuit Model of a Synchronous Machine for Electromagnetic Transient Analysis 82<br/><br/>3.7.1 Derivation of the Circuit Model 83<br/><br/>3.7.2 Transformation of the Circuit Model 87<br/><br/>3.7.3 Modeling of a Synchronous Generator in the Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients 91<br/><br/>3.7.4 Treatment of Dynamic Saliency 92<br/><br/>3.8 Excitation and Prime Mover Controllers 93<br/><br/>3.8.1 Excitation Systems 93<br/><br/>3.8.2 Modeling of Prime-Mover Control Systems 98<br/><br/>3.9 Transient Instability due to Loss of Synchronism 101<br/><br/>3.10 Extended Equal Area Criterion 103<br/><br/>3.11 Dynamics of a Synchronous Generator 104<br/><br/>Network Equations 104<br/><br/>Calculation of Initial Conditions 106<br/><br/>System Simulation 108<br/><br/>3.A Derivation of Electrical Torque 110<br/><br/>References 112<br/><br/>4 Modeling and Simulation of Wind Power Generators 115<br/><br/>4.1 Introduction 115<br/><br/>4.2 Power Extraction byWind Turbines 116<br/><br/>4.2.1 Wind Speed Characteristics 117<br/><br/>4.2.2 Control of Power Extraction 118<br/><br/>4.3 Generator and Power Electronic Configurations 120<br/><br/>4.3.1 Wind Farm Configurations 122<br/><br/>4.4 Modeling of the Rotating System 122<br/><br/>4.5 Induction Generator Model 124<br/><br/>4.5.1 Rotor Speed Instability 127<br/><br/>4.5.2 Modeling Issues 130<br/><br/>4.5.3 Frequency Conversion Using Voltage Source Converters 132<br/><br/>4.6 Control of Type IIIWTG System 133<br/><br/>4.6.1 Rotor-Side Converter Control 133<br/><br/>4.6.2 Grid-Side Converter Control 136<br/><br/>4.6.3 Overall Control Scheme for a Type III WTG system 137<br/><br/>4.6.4 Simplified Modeling of the Controllers for Slow Transient Studies 141<br/><br/>4.7 Control of Type IVWTG System 142<br/><br/>References 143<br/><br/>5 Modeling and Analysis of FACTS and HVDC Controllers 145<br/><br/>5.1 Introduction 145<br/><br/>5.2 FACTS Controllers 146<br/><br/>5.2.1 Description 146<br/><br/>5.2.2 A General Equivalent Circuit for FACTS Controllers 147<br/><br/>5.2.3 Benefits of the Application of FACTS Controllers 148<br/><br/>5.2.4 Application of FACTS Controllers in Distribution Systems 150<br/><br/>5.3 Reactive Power Control 150<br/><br/>Control Characteristics 153<br/><br/>5.4 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 153<br/><br/>5.4.1 Basic Concepts of Controlled Series Compensation 155<br/><br/>5.4.2 Operation of a TCSC 157<br/><br/>5.4.3 Analysis of a TCSC 158<br/><br/>5.4.4 Computation of the TCSC Reactance (XTCSC) 159<br/><br/>5.4.5 Control of the TCSC 161<br/><br/>5.5 Static Synchronous Compensator 166<br/><br/>5.5.1 General 166<br/><br/>5.5.2 Two-Level (Graetz Bridge) Voltage Source Converter 168<br/><br/>5.5.3 Pulse0020Width Modulation 169<br/><br/>5.5.4 Analysis of a Voltage Source Converter 171<br/><br/>5.5.5 Control of VSC 175<br/><br/>5.6 HVDC Power Transmission 177<br/><br/>5.6.1 Application of DC Transmission 178<br/><br/>5.6.2 Description of HVDC Transmission Systems 178<br/><br/>5.6.3 Analysis of a Line Commutated Converter 180<br/><br/>5.6.4 Introduction of VSC-HVDC Transmission 186<br/><br/>5.A Case Study of a VSC-HVDC Link 190<br/><br/>References 193<br/><br/>6 Damping of Power Swings 195<br/><br/>6.1 Introduction 195<br/><br/>6.2 Origin of Power Swings 196<br/><br/>6.3 SMIB Model with Field Flux Dynamics and AVR 199<br/><br/>6.3.1 Small-Signal Model and Eigenvalue Analysis 201<br/><br/>6.4 Damping and Synchronizing Torque Analysis 205<br/><br/>6.5 Analysis of Multi-Machine Systems 210<br/><br/>6.5.1 Electro-Mechanical Modes in a Multi-Machine System 210<br/><br/>6.5.2 Analysis with Detailed Models 216<br/><br/>6.6 Principles of Damping Controller Design 225<br/><br/>6.6.1 Actuator Location and Choice of Feedback Signals 229<br/><br/>6.6.2 Components of a PSDC 230<br/><br/>6.6.3 PSDCs based on Generator Excitation Systems: Power System Stabilizers 231<br/><br/>6.6.4 Adverse Torsional Interactions with the Speed/Slip Signal 237<br/><br/>6.6.5 Damping of Swings using Grid-Connected Power Electronic Systems 237<br/><br/>6.7 Concluding Remarks 241<br/><br/>6.A Eigenvalues of the Stiffness matrix K of Section 6.5.1 242<br/><br/>6.B Three-Machine Data 244<br/><br/>References 244<br/><br/>7 Analysis and Control of Loss of Synchronism 247<br/><br/>7.1 Introduction 247<br/><br/>7.2 Effect of LoS 247<br/><br/>7.3 Understanding the LoS Phenomenon 249<br/><br/>7.4 Criteria for Assessment of Stability 251<br/><br/>7.5 Power System Modeling and Simulation for Analysis of LoS 252<br/><br/>7.5.1 Effect of System Model 254<br/><br/>7.5.2 Effect of Changing Operating Conditions 255<br/><br/>7.6 Loss of Synchronism in Multi-Machine Systems 256<br/><br/>7.6.1 Effect of Disturbance Location on Mode of Separation: 258<br/><br/>7.6.2 Effect of the Load Model 258<br/><br/>7.6.3 Effect of Series Compensation in a Critical Line 260<br/><br/>7.6.4 Effect of a Change in the Pre-fault Generation Schedule 261<br/><br/>7.6.5 Voltage Phase Angular Differences across Critical Lines/Apparent Impedance seen by Relays 261<br/><br/>7.7 Measures to Avoid LoS 263<br/><br/>7.7.1 System Planning and Design 263<br/><br/>7.7.2 Preventive Control During Actual Operation 264<br/><br/>7.7.3 Emergency Control 264<br/><br/>7.8 Assessment and Control of LoS Using Energy Functions 265<br/><br/>7.8.1 Energy Function Method Applied to an SMIB System 266<br/><br/>7.8.2 Energy Function Method Applied to Multi-Machine Systems/Detailed Models 270<br/><br/>7.8.3 Evaluation of Critical Energy in a Multi-Machine System 274<br/><br/>7.9 Generation Rescheduling Using Energy Margin Sensitivities 274<br/><br/>7.9.1 Case Study: Generation Rescheduling 276<br/><br/>7.A Simulation Methods for Transient Stability Studies 276<br/><br/>7.A.1 Simultaneous Implicit Method 277<br/><br/>7.A.2 Partitioned Explicit Method 277<br/><br/>7.B Ten-Machine System Data 279<br/><br/>References 281<br/><br/>8 Analysis of Voltage Stability and Control 283<br/><br/>8.1 Introduction 283<br/><br/>8.2 Definitions of Voltage Stability 284<br/><br/>8.3 Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability 286<br/><br/>8.3.1 Analysis of the SMLB System 287<br/><br/>8.4 Mathematical Preliminaries 290<br/><br/>8.5 Factors Affecting Instability and Collapse 292<br/><br/>8.5.1 Induction Motor Loads 292<br/><br/>8.5.2 HVDC Converter 293<br/><br/>8.5.3 Overexcitation Limiters 294<br/><br/>8.5.4 OLTC Transformers 295<br/><br/>8.5.5 A Nonlinear Dynamic Load Model 296<br/><br/>8.6 Dynamics of Load Restoration 296<br/><br/>8.7 Analysis of Voltage Stability and Collapse 298<br/><br/>8.7.1 Simulation 298<br/><br/>8.7.2 Small Signal (Linear) Analysis 298<br/><br/>8.8 Integrated Analysis of Voltage and Angle Stability 301<br/><br/>8.9 Analysis of Small Signal Voltage Instability Decoupled from Angle Instability 303<br/><br/>8.9.1 Decoupling of Angle and Voltage Variables 304<br/><br/>8.9.2 Incremental RCFN 305<br/><br/>8.9.3 Nonlinear Reactive Loads 306<br/><br/>8.9.4 Generator Model 306<br/><br/>Discussion 307<br/><br/>8.10 Control of Voltage Instability 308<br/><br/>References 308<br/><br/>9 Wide-AreaMeasurements and Applications 311<br/><br/>9.1 Introduction 311<br/><br/>9.2 Technology and Standards 311<br/><br/>9.2.1 Synchrophasor Definition 313<br/><br/>9.2.2 Reporting Rates 314<br/><br/>9.2.3 Latency and Data Loss 315<br/><br/>9.3 Modeling ofWAMS in Angular Stability Programs 315<br/><br/>9.4 Online Monitoring of Power Swing Damping 316<br/><br/>9.4.1 Modal Estimation based on Ringdown Analysis 317<br/><br/>9.4.2 Modal Estimation based on Probing Signals 319<br/><br/>9.4.3 Modal Estimation based on Ambient Data Analysis 323<br/><br/>9.5 WAMS Applications in Power Swing Damping Controllers 327<br/><br/>9.6 WAMS Applications in Emergency Control 330<br/><br/>9.7 Generator Parameter Estimation 335<br/><br/>9.8 Electro-MechanicalWave Propagation and Other Observations in Large Grids 335<br/><br/>References 338<br/><br/>10 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance 341<br/><br/>10.1 Introduction 341<br/><br/>10.2 Analysis of Electrical Network Dynamics 342<br/><br/>10.2.1 Equations in DQo Variables 344<br/><br/>10.2.2 Interfacing a DQ Network Model with a Generator Model 346<br/><br/>10.3 Torsional Dynamics of a Generator-Turbine System 353<br/><br/>10.3.1 Damping of Torsional Oscillations 359<br/><br/>10.3.2 Sensitivity of the Torsional Modes to the External Electrical System 360<br/><br/>10.4 Generator-Turbine and Network Interactions: Subsynchronous Resonance 362<br/><br/>10.4.1 Torsional Modes in Multi-Generator Systems 368<br/><br/>10.4.2 Adverse Interactions with Turbine-Generator Controllers 371<br/><br/>10.4.3 Detection of SSR/Torsional Monitoring 373<br/><br/>10.4.4 Countermeasures for Subsynchronous Resonance and Subsynchronous Torsional Interactions 374<br/><br/>10.4.5 Case Study: TCSC-Based SSDC 377<br/><br/>10.5 Time-InvariantModels of Grid-Connected Power Electronic Systems 378<br/><br/>10.5.1 Discrete-Time DynamicModels using the PoincaréMapping Technique 380<br/><br/>10.5.2 Dynamic Phasor-Based Modeling 380<br/><br/>10.5.3 Numerical Derivation of PES Models: A Frequency Scanning Approach 383<br/><br/>10.A Transfer Function Representation of the Network 385<br/><br/>References 386<br/><br/>11 Solar Power Generation and Energy Storage 391<br/><br/>11.1 Introduction 391<br/><br/>11.2 Solar Thermal Power Generation 392<br/><br/>11.3 Solar PV Power Generation 392<br/><br/>11.3.1 Solar Module I-V Characteristics 393<br/><br/>11.3.2 Solar PV Connections and Power Extraction Strategies 393<br/><br/>11.3.3 Power Electronic Converters for Solar PV Applications 395<br/><br/>11.3.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms 397<br/><br/>11.3.5 Control of Grid-Connected Solar PV Plants 398<br/><br/>11.3.6 Low-Voltage Ride Through and Voltage Support Capability 400<br/><br/>11.4 Energy Storage 403<br/><br/>11.4.1 Attributes of Energy Storage Devices 404<br/><br/>11.4.2 Energy Storage Technologies 404<br/><br/>11.4.3 Mapping to Applications 406<br/><br/>11.4.4 Battery Modeling 410<br/><br/>References 412<br/><br/>12 Microgrids: Operation and Control 415<br/><br/>12.1 Introduction 415<br/><br/>12.2 Microgrid Concept 416<br/><br/>12.2.1 Definition of a Microgrid 416<br/><br/>12.2.2 Control System 417<br/><br/>12.3 Microgrid Architecture 419<br/><br/>12.4 Distribution Automation and Control 420<br/><br/>12.5 Operation and Control of Microgrids 421<br/><br/>12.5.1 DER Units 421<br/><br/>12.5.2 Microgrid Loads 423<br/><br/>12.5.3 DER Controls 423<br/><br/>12.5.4 Control Strategies under Grid-Connected Operation 425<br/><br/>12.5.5 Control Strategy for an Islanded Microgrid 427<br/><br/>12.6 Energy Management System 428<br/><br/>12.6.1 Microgrid Supervisory Control 429<br/><br/>12.6.2 Decentralized Microgrid Control based on a Multi-Agent System 430<br/><br/>12.6.3 IndustrialMicrogrid Controllers 431<br/><br/>12.7 Adaptive Network Protection in Microgrids 432<br/><br/>12.7.1 Protection Issues 433<br/><br/>12.7.2 Adaptive Protection 434<br/><br/>12.8 Dynamic Modeling of Distributed Energy Resources 435<br/><br/>12.8.1 Photovoltaic Array with MPP Tracker 435<br/><br/>12.8.2 Fuel Cells 437<br/><br/>12.8.3 Natural Gas Generator Set 438<br/><br/>12.8.4 Fixed-SpeedWind Turbine Driving SCIG 439<br/><br/>12.9 Some Operating Problems in Microgirds 442<br/><br/>12.10 Integration of DG and DS in a Microgrid 444<br/><br/>12.11 DC Microgrids 444<br/><br/>12.12 Future Trends and Conclusions 445<br/><br/>12.A A Three-Phase Model of an Induction Machine 448<br/><br/>References 452<br/><br/>A Equal Area Criterion 455<br/><br/>An Interesting Network Analogy 456<br/><br/>References 458<br/><br/>B Grid Synchronization and Current Regulation 459<br/><br/>Choice of Reference Frames 459<br/><br/>References 462<br/><br/>C Fryze–Buchbolz–Depenbrock Method for Load Compensation 463<br/><br/>C.1 Introduction 463<br/><br/>C.2 Description of FBDTheory 463<br/><br/>C.3 Power Theory in Multiconductor Circuits 466<br/><br/>Virtual Star Point 466<br/><br/>Collective Quantities 467<br/><br/>C.4 Examples 469<br/><br/>C.5 Load Characterization over a Period 470<br/><br/>C.6 Compensation of Non-Active Currents 471<br/><br/>Discussion 472<br/><br/>References 472<br/><br/>D Symmetrical Components and Per-Unit Representation 473<br/><br/>D.1 Symmetrical Component Representation of Three-Phase Systems 473<br/><br/>D.2 Per-Unit Representation 476<br/><br/>References 478<br/><br/>Index 479<br/> |
| 520 ## - SUMMARY, ETC. |
|---|
| Summary, etc |
"Highlights the role of transmission and distribution grids that ensure the reliability and quality of electric power supply. - Original coverage of Analysis and Control of Loss of Synchronism including, Extended Equal Area Criterion (EEAC). - Timely and unique coverage of On-Line Detection of Loss of Synchronism, Wide Area Measurements and Applications, Wide-Area Feedback Control Systems for Power Swing Damping and Microgrids-Operation and Control. Market description (Please include secondary markets) Primary: Senior undergraduate and Ph.D. students on courses relating to power system dynamics and control/ electrical power industry professionals working on the planning, design and development of controls for enhancing grid performance. Secondary: Researchers in R&D laboratories connected with modernization and systems improvement of electricity supply systems"--Provided by publisher. |
| 526 ## - STUDY PROGRAM INFORMATION NOTE |
|---|
| -- |
600-699 |
| -- |
621 |
| 588 ## - SOURCE OF DESCRIPTION NOTE |
|---|
| Source of description note |
Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher. |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name as entry element |
Electric power systems |
| General subdivision |
Control. |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name as entry element |
Electric power transmission. |
| 650 #0 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM |
|---|
| Topical term or geographic name as entry element |
Microgrids (Smart power grids) |
| 655 #4 - INDEX TERM--GENRE/FORM |
|---|
| Genre/form data or focus term |
Electronic books. |
| 700 1# - ADDED ENTRY--PERSONAL NAME |
|---|
| Personal name |
Kulkarni, Anil M., |
| Relator term |
author. |
| 856 ## - ELECTRONIC LOCATION AND ACCESS |
|---|
| Link text |
Full text available at Wiley Online Library Click here to view |
| Uniform Resource Identifier |
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119173410 |
| 942 ## - ADDED ENTRY ELEMENTS |
|---|
| Source of classification or shelving scheme |
|
| Item type |
EBOOK |