Lemort, Vincent,
Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles / Vincent Lemort, Gérard Olivier, Georges de Pelsemaeker - 1 online resource (xxxi, 320 pages) ; illustrations (chiefly color). - Automotive series. .
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS IN THERMODYNAMICS 2
1.2.1 System, surroundings and universe 2
1.2.2 Properties 3
1.2.3 Process 4
1.2.4 Energy 4
1.2.5 Heat 5
1.2.6 Work 5
1.2.6.1 Mechanical forms of work 6
1.2.6.2 Non-mechanical forms of work 7
1.2.7 Enthalpy 7
1.3 FLUIDS 8
1.3.1 Pure and pseudo-pure fluids 8
1.3.2 Liquid-vapor phase change for a pure or pseudo-pure fluid 8
1.3.3 Computing the properties of pure and pseudo-pure fluids 10
1.3.3.1 Phase rule 10
1.3.3.2 The equations of state relating P, T and v (relation between measurable properties) 11
1.3.3.3 Computing non-measurable properties (u, h and s) in general case of real pure fluids 12
1.3.3.4 Computing non-measurable properties (u, h and s) in the specific case of ideal fluids 14
1.3.4 Fluids commonly used in automotive applications 16
1.3.4.1 Oil 16
1.3.4.2 Coolant 16
1.3.4.3 Refrigerant 17
1.3.4.4 Humid air 17
1.4 HEAT TRANSFERS 21
1.4.1 Conduction 21
1.4.2 Convection 22
1.4.2.1 Forced convection 23
1.4.2.2 Natural convection 23
1.4.2.3 Mixed forced and natural convection 23
1.4.2.4 Sensible and latent heat transfer by convection 23
1.4.2.5 Convection heat transfer rates 23
1.4.2.6 Laminar and turbulent regimes 23
1.4.2.7 Convection heat transfer coefficients 24
1.4.3 Radiation 24
1.4.3.1 Emitted radiation 24
1.4.3.2 Incident radiation 26
1.4.3.3 The Kirchhoff’s Law and the gray surfaces 26
1.4.3.4 Radiation exchange between surfaces 27
1.5 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
1.5.1 Closed system 30
1.5.2 Open system 30
1.5.2.1 Mass balance 30
1.5.2.2 Energy balance 31
1.6 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 31
1.6.1 Concepts and definitions 32
1.6.1.1 Heat reservoir, source and sink 32
1.6.1.2 Heat engines 32
1.6.1.3 Refrigerators and heat pumps 33
1.6.2 Kelvin Planck and Clausius Statements of the Second Law 34
1.6.3 Reversible processes 34
1.6.4 Ideal heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps 35
1.6.5 Entropy 37
1.7 FLOWS IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS 38
1.8 HEAT EXCHANGERS 40
1.8.1 Classification of heat exchangers 41
1.8.1.1 Classification according to the mechanism of energy transfer 41
1.8.1.2 Classification according to the phases of both fluids 41
1.8.1.3 Classification according to the flow arrangement 41
1.8.1.4 Classification according to the pass arrangement 42
1.8.1.5 Classification according to the type of construction 42
1.8.2 Energy balance across a heat exchanger 44
1.8.3 Performance 45
1.8.3.1 Thermal performance 46
1.8.3.2 Hydraulic performance 48
1.9 REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE THERMAL MANAGEMENT 1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2
2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 3
2.2.1 Characteristics of the internal combustion engines 3
2.2.2 Four-stroke engine cycle 5
2.2.3 Combustion process in the engines 6
2.2.3.1 Combustion 6
2.2.3.2 Spark ignition engine (SI engines) 9
2.2.3.3 Compression ignition engine (CI engine) 9
2.2.4 Pollutant emissions 9
2.2.4.1 Driving cycles and pollutant emissions 9
2.2.4.2 Pollutants 10
2.2.4.3 Trade-off and technological levers 11
2.2.5 Energy analysis 12
2.2.5.1 Energy conversion processes in engines 12
2.2.5.2 Engine overall energy balance 17
2.2.5.3 Engine overall energy performance indicator 19
2.2.6 Quantification of the major heat transfers in ICEs 20
2.2.6.1 Heat transfer between gases and engine walls 20
2.2.6.2 Heat transfer between coolant and engine walls 22
2.2.6.3 Overall heat transfer between gas and coolant 23
2.2.6.4 Heat transfer with the external environment 24
2.3 ENGINE COOLING AND HEATING 24
2.3.1 Purpose of engine cooling and heating 24
2.3.2 Working principle of engine cooling and heating systems 25
2.3.3 Circulation of coolant through the engine 27
2.3.4 Radiator 28
2.3.4.1 Purpose of the radiator 28
2.3.4.2 Technologies of radiators 28
2.3.4.3 Flow configurations in radiators 28
2.3.5 Expansion tanks 29
2.3.6 Thermostat 30
2.3.6.1 Purpose of the thermostat 30
2.3.6.2 Working principle of a thermostat 30
2.3.6.3 Technologies of thermostats 30
2.3.7 Heating systems 33
2.4 OIL COOLING 33
2.4.1 Purpose of oil cooling and heating 33
2.4.2 Working principle of oil cooling and heating systems 34
2.4.3 Technologies of oil coolers 34
2.4.3.1 Air-to-oil coolers 34
2.4.3.2 Coolant-to-oil coolers 34
2.4.4 Oil temperature control 35
2.5 CHARGE AIR COOLING (CAC) 35
2.5.1 Purpose of charge air cooling and forced induction 35
2.5.2 Working principle and technologies of forced induction 35
2.5.2.1 Turbochargers 35
2.5.2.2 Superchargers 37
2.5.2.3 Electric supercharger 37
2.5.2.4 Compound forced induction 38
2.5.3 Working principle and architectures of charge air cooling 38
2.5.3.1 Charge air cooling by air 38
2.5.3.2 Charge air cooling by coolant 38
2.5.3.3 Charge air cooling by refrigerant 40
2.5.4 Technologies of charge air coolers 40
2.5.4.1 Air-cooled charge air coolers 40
2.5.4.2 Water-cooled charge air coolers 40
2.6 EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) COOLING 40
2.6.1 Purpose of EGR and EGR cooling 40
2.6.2 EGR working principle 41
2.6.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation architectures 41
2.6.3.1 High pressure EGR 41
2.6.3.2 Low pressure EGR 42
2.6.4 Technologies of exhaust Gas Recirculation Coolers (EGRC) 42
2.7 FRONT-END MODULE 44
2.7.1 Purpose of the font-end module 44
2.7.2 Working principle of the front-end module 44
2.7.2.1 Heat exchangers configuration 44
2.7.2.2 Aeraulics 45
2.7.3 Technologies of components in the front-end module 48
2.7.3.1 Fan system 48
2.7.3.2 Active grille shutters 49
2.8 ENGINE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY 50
2.8.1 Exhaust Heat Recovery System (EHRS) 50
2.8.2 (Organic) Rankine Cycles power systems 50
2.8.3 Other investigated technologies 53
2.9 REFERENCES 53
CHAPTER 3 CABIN CLIMATE CONTROL 1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3
3.2 THERMAL CONFORT 3
3.2.1 Definition of thermal comfort 4
3.2.2 Human thermo-physiology 4
3.2.2.1 Homeothermy 4
3.2.2.2 Body energy balance 5
3.2.2.3 Skin sensible losses 6
3.2.2.4 Skin latent losses 7
3.2.2.5 Respiratory losses 7
3.2.2.6 Criteria to meet to achieve thermal comfort 8
3.2.3 Description of vehicle indoor climate 8
3.2.3.1 Mean Radiant Temperature 9
3.2.3.2 Operative Temperature 10
3.2.3.3 Equivalent Temperature 11
3.2.3.4 Local Equivalent Temperature 12
3.2.3.5 Whole Body Equivalent Temperature 12
3.2.3.6 Control of vehicle indoor climate 14
3.2.3.7 Transient evolution of the indoor climate 15
3.2.3.8 Air stratification 15
3.2.4 Evaluation of thermal comfort 16
3.2.4.1 PMV approach 16
3.2.4.2 Human subject trials 17
3.3 CABIN THERMAL LOADS 17
3.3.1 Outdoor climate 18
3.3.1.1 Solar radiation 18
3.3.1.2 Atmospheric radiation 20
3.3.2 Energy transfer mechanisms involved in a vehicle cabin 21
3.3.3 Heat transfer through the cabin body 22
3.3.3.1 Heat transfers at the cabin body outdoor surface 22
3.3.3.2 Heat transfer and storage through the cabin body materials 24
3.3.3.3 Heat transfers at the cabin body indoor surface 24
3.3.3.4 Heat transfer through the cabin body in steady-state regime 25
3.3.4 Heat transfer through the glazing 25
3.3.4.1 Optical properties of glazing 26
3.3.4.2 Advanced glazing technologies 27
3.3.5 Ventilation 28
3.3.6 Infiltration 30
3.3.7 Internal gains 30
3.3.7.1 Occupants 30
3.3.7.2 Other internal gains 31
3.3.8 Other energy transfer mechanisms 31
3.3.9 Lumped modeling approach 31
3.3.9.1 Energy balance on the cabin body 32
3.3.9.2 Energy balance on the cabin glazing 32
3.3.9.3 Energy balance on the cabin internal masses 32
3.3.9.4 Mass and energy balances on the cabin air, water and CO2 33
3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL ENERGY THROUGH THE CABIN 38
3.4.1 HVAC unit components and working principle 38
3.4.2 Cabin air recirculation 39
3.4.3 HVAC unit operating modes 42
3.4.3.1 Ventilation 42
3.4.3.2 Cooling 43
3.4.3.3 Heating 43
3.4.3.4 Demisting and defrosting 43
3.4.3.5 Ventilation and heating 44
3.4.3.6 Temperature and flow rate of the air flow pulsed by the HVAC unit 44
3.4.4 Cabin air quality 45
3.5 PRODUCTION OF COOLING POWER 45
3.5.1 Working principle of a vapor-compression refrigerator 45
3.5.2 Integration of the air-conditioning loop into the vehicle 46
3.5.3 Compressor 47
3.5.3.1 Mechanical versus electrical compressors 47
3.5.3.2 Compressor capacity 48
3.5.3.3 Piston compressors 48
3.5.3.4 Sliding vane compressors 51
3.5.3.5 Scroll compressors 52
3.5.3.6 Expression of the compressor displaced mass flow rate 53
3.5.3.7 Expression of the compressor power 54
3.5.3.8 Oil circulation ratio 56
3.5.4 Evaporator 57
3.5.4.1 Air-heated evaporator 57
3.5.4.2 Water-heated evaporator (“chiller”) 58
3.5.5 Condenser 58
3.5.5.1 Air-cooled condensers 58
3.5.5.2 Water-cooled condensers 59
3.5.6 Throttling device 59
3.5.6.1 Thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) 60
3.5.6.2 Electronic expansion valve (EXV) 62
3.5.6.3 Orifice tube (OT) 63
3.5.7 Receiver, accumulator, drier and filter 63
3.5.7.1 In-line receiver 63
3.5.7.2 Integrated receiver 64
3.5.7.3 Accumulator 66
3.5.8 Internal heat exchanger 66
3.5.9 R744 (CO2) as working fluid 67
3.5.9.1 Internal heat exchanger with R744 67
3.5.9.2 Gas cooler 67
3.5.9.3 R744 versus R1234yf 67
3.5.10 Cabin climate control 68
3.5.10.1 A/C loop pressure and temperature switches/sensors 69
3.5.10.2 Control of the A/C loop cooling power 71
3.5.10.3 Optimization of the condenser fan speed 72
3.5.11 Interaction between major components of the A/C loop. 72
3.6 PRODUCTION OF HEATING POWER 75
3.6.1 Heating with the engine coolant loop 76
3.6.2 PTC heaters 76
3.6.3 Heat pump systems 76
3.7 LOCAL COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS 77
3.7.1 Heated, cooled and ventilated seats 77
3.7.1.1 Heated seat with an electric mat 78
3.7.1.2 Seat with Peltier cells 78
3.7.1.3 Ventilated seat 78
3.7.2 Heated steering wheel 78
3.7.3 Electric radiant panels 79
3.7.4 Head cooling 79
3.8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 79
3.8.1 Sensible thermal energy storage 79
3.8.2 Latent thermal energy storage 80
3.8.2.1 Phase Change Materials and Ice 80
3.8.2.2 Evaporator with latent thermal energy storage 81
3.8.3 Sorption energy storage 81
3.8.4 Thermal insulation 81
3.8.5 Energy density 81
3.9 REFERENCES 82
CHAPTER 4 THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES 1
4.1 INTRODUCTION 2
4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 4
4.2.1 Electric vehicles 4
4.2.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 4
4.2.1.2 Integration of EVs in electricity grids 5
4.2.1.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 5
4.2.2 Hybrid electric vehicles 10
4.2.2.1 Classification according to the degree of hybridization 10
4.2.2.2 Powertrain architectures 12
4.3 CABIN THERMAL CONTROL IN HEVs AND EVs 13
4.3.1 Technical challenges associated with cabin thermal control in electrified vehicles 13
4.3.1.1 Vehicles with Stop&Start functions 13
4.3.1.2 Vehicles with regenerative braking 14
4.3.1.3 Vehicles with electric driving mode 14
4.3.2 Heat pump systems 18
4.3.2.1 Air-to-air heat pumps 19
4.3.2.2 Air-to-water heat pumps 22
4.3.2.3 Water-to-air heat pumps 22
4.3.2.4 Water-to-water heat pumps 23
4.3.2.5 Back-up electric resistance heating system 23
4.3.3 Local heating systems 25
4.3.4 Thermal energy storage 25
4.4 BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT (BTM) 26
4.4.1 Description of a battery 26
4.4.1.1 Battery pack, modules and cells 26
4.4.1.2 Operating principle of Lithium-Ion battery cells 27
4.4.1.3 Battery technical characteristics 27
4.4.1.4 State of charge (SOC) 28
4.4.2 Battery charging 29
4.4.3 Battery aging 30
4.4.3.1 Calendar and cycling aging 30
4.4.3.2 State of Health (SOH) 30
4.4.4 Battery Management System (BMS) 31
4.4.5 Energy balance across a battery cell 31
4.4.5.1 Heat generation inside the cell 32
4.4.5.2 Heat exchange with the ambient and with the heat transfer fluid of the BTMS 32
4.4.6 Undesired effects of battery operating temperature 33
4.4.6.1 Cell temperature level 33
4.4.6.2 Battery temperature gradient 34
4.4.6.3 Battery thermal inertia 35
4.4.7 Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 35
4.4.7.1 Air-based systems 36
4.4.7.2 Liquid-based systems 39
4.4.7.3 Refrigerant-based systems 41
4.4.7.4 Dielectric fluid-based system 41
4.4.7.5 Mutual impact of cabin climate control and BTM 41
4.4.7.6 Coupling of battery modules on coolant/refrigerant plates 42
4.4.7.7 Comparison between air cooling and glycol-water cooling solutions 43
4.4.7.8 PCM and other technologies 43
4.5 E-MOTOR AND POWER ELECTRONICS COOLING 46
4.5.1 Power electronics 46
4.5.2 Electric motor (e-motor) 48
4.5.2.1 Types of electric motors 49
4.5.2.2 Losses in electric motors 50
4.5.2.3 Operating temperature range of e-motors 51
4.5.2.4 E-motor cooling system 52
4.5.3 Combined e-motor and power electronics thermal management 54
4.6 OVERALL THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES 54
4.6.1 Fluids loops and their connections 55
4.6.2 Front-end module configuration 56
4.6.3 Pumps and fan-motor assembly 56
4.7 REFERENCES 57
Description
THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN VEHICLES
Comprehensive coverage of thermal energy management systems and components in vehicles
In Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust and authoritative account of thermal energy management systems and components in vehicles. Covering three main areas—the thermal management of internal combustion engines, mobile air-conditioning, and thermal management of hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles—the book discusses and proposes simulation models for many of the components and systems introduced in the book.
The authors also cover state-of-the-art and emerging technologies, as well as likely future industry trends, and offer an accompanying website with supplementary materials like downloadable models.
Readers will also find:
Material that bridges the gap between academia and industry
Proposed simulation models for vehicular components and systems
Fulsome discussions of industry trends likely to take hold in the near future
Accompanying online resources, including downloadable simulation models, on a complimentary website
Perfect for researchers, graduate students, and practitioners in automotive engineering, Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles will also benefit anyone seeking a comprehensive treatment of vehicular thermal energy management systems and components.
Vincent Lemort is an Associate Professor at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of the University of Liège. His research interests include the modeling, testing, and optimization of thermal energy systems.
Gérard Olivier worked for many years for Renault Group and filed 70 patents. He was in charge of thermal systems and cabin air quality research activities and served as the expert for innovative solutions for thermal energy management.
Georges de Pelsemaeker is the Program and Research & Development Director of the Valeo Thermal System Business Group. He has over 20 years’ experience leading the development of vehicle and engine emission control systems.
9781119251767
Automobiles --Air conditioning.
Automobiles --Climatisation.
Automobiles --Motors --Cooling systems.
Heat --Transmission.
Electronic books.
629.25/6
Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles / Vincent Lemort, Gérard Olivier, Georges de Pelsemaeker - 1 online resource (xxxi, 320 pages) ; illustrations (chiefly color). - Automotive series. .
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 2
1.2 FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS IN THERMODYNAMICS 2
1.2.1 System, surroundings and universe 2
1.2.2 Properties 3
1.2.3 Process 4
1.2.4 Energy 4
1.2.5 Heat 5
1.2.6 Work 5
1.2.6.1 Mechanical forms of work 6
1.2.6.2 Non-mechanical forms of work 7
1.2.7 Enthalpy 7
1.3 FLUIDS 8
1.3.1 Pure and pseudo-pure fluids 8
1.3.2 Liquid-vapor phase change for a pure or pseudo-pure fluid 8
1.3.3 Computing the properties of pure and pseudo-pure fluids 10
1.3.3.1 Phase rule 10
1.3.3.2 The equations of state relating P, T and v (relation between measurable properties) 11
1.3.3.3 Computing non-measurable properties (u, h and s) in general case of real pure fluids 12
1.3.3.4 Computing non-measurable properties (u, h and s) in the specific case of ideal fluids 14
1.3.4 Fluids commonly used in automotive applications 16
1.3.4.1 Oil 16
1.3.4.2 Coolant 16
1.3.4.3 Refrigerant 17
1.3.4.4 Humid air 17
1.4 HEAT TRANSFERS 21
1.4.1 Conduction 21
1.4.2 Convection 22
1.4.2.1 Forced convection 23
1.4.2.2 Natural convection 23
1.4.2.3 Mixed forced and natural convection 23
1.4.2.4 Sensible and latent heat transfer by convection 23
1.4.2.5 Convection heat transfer rates 23
1.4.2.6 Laminar and turbulent regimes 23
1.4.2.7 Convection heat transfer coefficients 24
1.4.3 Radiation 24
1.4.3.1 Emitted radiation 24
1.4.3.2 Incident radiation 26
1.4.3.3 The Kirchhoff’s Law and the gray surfaces 26
1.4.3.4 Radiation exchange between surfaces 27
1.5 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 28
1.5.1 Closed system 30
1.5.2 Open system 30
1.5.2.1 Mass balance 30
1.5.2.2 Energy balance 31
1.6 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 31
1.6.1 Concepts and definitions 32
1.6.1.1 Heat reservoir, source and sink 32
1.6.1.2 Heat engines 32
1.6.1.3 Refrigerators and heat pumps 33
1.6.2 Kelvin Planck and Clausius Statements of the Second Law 34
1.6.3 Reversible processes 34
1.6.4 Ideal heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps 35
1.6.5 Entropy 37
1.7 FLOWS IN HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS 38
1.8 HEAT EXCHANGERS 40
1.8.1 Classification of heat exchangers 41
1.8.1.1 Classification according to the mechanism of energy transfer 41
1.8.1.2 Classification according to the phases of both fluids 41
1.8.1.3 Classification according to the flow arrangement 41
1.8.1.4 Classification according to the pass arrangement 42
1.8.1.5 Classification according to the type of construction 42
1.8.2 Energy balance across a heat exchanger 44
1.8.3 Performance 45
1.8.3.1 Thermal performance 46
1.8.3.2 Hydraulic performance 48
1.9 REFERENCES 48
CHAPTER 2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE THERMAL MANAGEMENT 1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2
2.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 3
2.2.1 Characteristics of the internal combustion engines 3
2.2.2 Four-stroke engine cycle 5
2.2.3 Combustion process in the engines 6
2.2.3.1 Combustion 6
2.2.3.2 Spark ignition engine (SI engines) 9
2.2.3.3 Compression ignition engine (CI engine) 9
2.2.4 Pollutant emissions 9
2.2.4.1 Driving cycles and pollutant emissions 9
2.2.4.2 Pollutants 10
2.2.4.3 Trade-off and technological levers 11
2.2.5 Energy analysis 12
2.2.5.1 Energy conversion processes in engines 12
2.2.5.2 Engine overall energy balance 17
2.2.5.3 Engine overall energy performance indicator 19
2.2.6 Quantification of the major heat transfers in ICEs 20
2.2.6.1 Heat transfer between gases and engine walls 20
2.2.6.2 Heat transfer between coolant and engine walls 22
2.2.6.3 Overall heat transfer between gas and coolant 23
2.2.6.4 Heat transfer with the external environment 24
2.3 ENGINE COOLING AND HEATING 24
2.3.1 Purpose of engine cooling and heating 24
2.3.2 Working principle of engine cooling and heating systems 25
2.3.3 Circulation of coolant through the engine 27
2.3.4 Radiator 28
2.3.4.1 Purpose of the radiator 28
2.3.4.2 Technologies of radiators 28
2.3.4.3 Flow configurations in radiators 28
2.3.5 Expansion tanks 29
2.3.6 Thermostat 30
2.3.6.1 Purpose of the thermostat 30
2.3.6.2 Working principle of a thermostat 30
2.3.6.3 Technologies of thermostats 30
2.3.7 Heating systems 33
2.4 OIL COOLING 33
2.4.1 Purpose of oil cooling and heating 33
2.4.2 Working principle of oil cooling and heating systems 34
2.4.3 Technologies of oil coolers 34
2.4.3.1 Air-to-oil coolers 34
2.4.3.2 Coolant-to-oil coolers 34
2.4.4 Oil temperature control 35
2.5 CHARGE AIR COOLING (CAC) 35
2.5.1 Purpose of charge air cooling and forced induction 35
2.5.2 Working principle and technologies of forced induction 35
2.5.2.1 Turbochargers 35
2.5.2.2 Superchargers 37
2.5.2.3 Electric supercharger 37
2.5.2.4 Compound forced induction 38
2.5.3 Working principle and architectures of charge air cooling 38
2.5.3.1 Charge air cooling by air 38
2.5.3.2 Charge air cooling by coolant 38
2.5.3.3 Charge air cooling by refrigerant 40
2.5.4 Technologies of charge air coolers 40
2.5.4.1 Air-cooled charge air coolers 40
2.5.4.2 Water-cooled charge air coolers 40
2.6 EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR) COOLING 40
2.6.1 Purpose of EGR and EGR cooling 40
2.6.2 EGR working principle 41
2.6.3 Exhaust Gas Recirculation architectures 41
2.6.3.1 High pressure EGR 41
2.6.3.2 Low pressure EGR 42
2.6.4 Technologies of exhaust Gas Recirculation Coolers (EGRC) 42
2.7 FRONT-END MODULE 44
2.7.1 Purpose of the font-end module 44
2.7.2 Working principle of the front-end module 44
2.7.2.1 Heat exchangers configuration 44
2.7.2.2 Aeraulics 45
2.7.3 Technologies of components in the front-end module 48
2.7.3.1 Fan system 48
2.7.3.2 Active grille shutters 49
2.8 ENGINE WASTE HEAT RECOVERY 50
2.8.1 Exhaust Heat Recovery System (EHRS) 50
2.8.2 (Organic) Rankine Cycles power systems 50
2.8.3 Other investigated technologies 53
2.9 REFERENCES 53
CHAPTER 3 CABIN CLIMATE CONTROL 1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3
3.2 THERMAL CONFORT 3
3.2.1 Definition of thermal comfort 4
3.2.2 Human thermo-physiology 4
3.2.2.1 Homeothermy 4
3.2.2.2 Body energy balance 5
3.2.2.3 Skin sensible losses 6
3.2.2.4 Skin latent losses 7
3.2.2.5 Respiratory losses 7
3.2.2.6 Criteria to meet to achieve thermal comfort 8
3.2.3 Description of vehicle indoor climate 8
3.2.3.1 Mean Radiant Temperature 9
3.2.3.2 Operative Temperature 10
3.2.3.3 Equivalent Temperature 11
3.2.3.4 Local Equivalent Temperature 12
3.2.3.5 Whole Body Equivalent Temperature 12
3.2.3.6 Control of vehicle indoor climate 14
3.2.3.7 Transient evolution of the indoor climate 15
3.2.3.8 Air stratification 15
3.2.4 Evaluation of thermal comfort 16
3.2.4.1 PMV approach 16
3.2.4.2 Human subject trials 17
3.3 CABIN THERMAL LOADS 17
3.3.1 Outdoor climate 18
3.3.1.1 Solar radiation 18
3.3.1.2 Atmospheric radiation 20
3.3.2 Energy transfer mechanisms involved in a vehicle cabin 21
3.3.3 Heat transfer through the cabin body 22
3.3.3.1 Heat transfers at the cabin body outdoor surface 22
3.3.3.2 Heat transfer and storage through the cabin body materials 24
3.3.3.3 Heat transfers at the cabin body indoor surface 24
3.3.3.4 Heat transfer through the cabin body in steady-state regime 25
3.3.4 Heat transfer through the glazing 25
3.3.4.1 Optical properties of glazing 26
3.3.4.2 Advanced glazing technologies 27
3.3.5 Ventilation 28
3.3.6 Infiltration 30
3.3.7 Internal gains 30
3.3.7.1 Occupants 30
3.3.7.2 Other internal gains 31
3.3.8 Other energy transfer mechanisms 31
3.3.9 Lumped modeling approach 31
3.3.9.1 Energy balance on the cabin body 32
3.3.9.2 Energy balance on the cabin glazing 32
3.3.9.3 Energy balance on the cabin internal masses 32
3.3.9.4 Mass and energy balances on the cabin air, water and CO2 33
3.4 DISTRIBUTION OF THERMAL ENERGY THROUGH THE CABIN 38
3.4.1 HVAC unit components and working principle 38
3.4.2 Cabin air recirculation 39
3.4.3 HVAC unit operating modes 42
3.4.3.1 Ventilation 42
3.4.3.2 Cooling 43
3.4.3.3 Heating 43
3.4.3.4 Demisting and defrosting 43
3.4.3.5 Ventilation and heating 44
3.4.3.6 Temperature and flow rate of the air flow pulsed by the HVAC unit 44
3.4.4 Cabin air quality 45
3.5 PRODUCTION OF COOLING POWER 45
3.5.1 Working principle of a vapor-compression refrigerator 45
3.5.2 Integration of the air-conditioning loop into the vehicle 46
3.5.3 Compressor 47
3.5.3.1 Mechanical versus electrical compressors 47
3.5.3.2 Compressor capacity 48
3.5.3.3 Piston compressors 48
3.5.3.4 Sliding vane compressors 51
3.5.3.5 Scroll compressors 52
3.5.3.6 Expression of the compressor displaced mass flow rate 53
3.5.3.7 Expression of the compressor power 54
3.5.3.8 Oil circulation ratio 56
3.5.4 Evaporator 57
3.5.4.1 Air-heated evaporator 57
3.5.4.2 Water-heated evaporator (“chiller”) 58
3.5.5 Condenser 58
3.5.5.1 Air-cooled condensers 58
3.5.5.2 Water-cooled condensers 59
3.5.6 Throttling device 59
3.5.6.1 Thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) 60
3.5.6.2 Electronic expansion valve (EXV) 62
3.5.6.3 Orifice tube (OT) 63
3.5.7 Receiver, accumulator, drier and filter 63
3.5.7.1 In-line receiver 63
3.5.7.2 Integrated receiver 64
3.5.7.3 Accumulator 66
3.5.8 Internal heat exchanger 66
3.5.9 R744 (CO2) as working fluid 67
3.5.9.1 Internal heat exchanger with R744 67
3.5.9.2 Gas cooler 67
3.5.9.3 R744 versus R1234yf 67
3.5.10 Cabin climate control 68
3.5.10.1 A/C loop pressure and temperature switches/sensors 69
3.5.10.2 Control of the A/C loop cooling power 71
3.5.10.3 Optimization of the condenser fan speed 72
3.5.11 Interaction between major components of the A/C loop. 72
3.6 PRODUCTION OF HEATING POWER 75
3.6.1 Heating with the engine coolant loop 76
3.6.2 PTC heaters 76
3.6.3 Heat pump systems 76
3.7 LOCAL COOLING AND HEATING SYSTEMS 77
3.7.1 Heated, cooled and ventilated seats 77
3.7.1.1 Heated seat with an electric mat 78
3.7.1.2 Seat with Peltier cells 78
3.7.1.3 Ventilated seat 78
3.7.2 Heated steering wheel 78
3.7.3 Electric radiant panels 79
3.7.4 Head cooling 79
3.8 THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE 79
3.8.1 Sensible thermal energy storage 79
3.8.2 Latent thermal energy storage 80
3.8.2.1 Phase Change Materials and Ice 80
3.8.2.2 Evaporator with latent thermal energy storage 81
3.8.3 Sorption energy storage 81
3.8.4 Thermal insulation 81
3.8.5 Energy density 81
3.9 REFERENCES 82
CHAPTER 4 THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES 1
4.1 INTRODUCTION 2
4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES 4
4.2.1 Electric vehicles 4
4.2.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 4
4.2.1.2 Integration of EVs in electricity grids 5
4.2.1.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles 5
4.2.2 Hybrid electric vehicles 10
4.2.2.1 Classification according to the degree of hybridization 10
4.2.2.2 Powertrain architectures 12
4.3 CABIN THERMAL CONTROL IN HEVs AND EVs 13
4.3.1 Technical challenges associated with cabin thermal control in electrified vehicles 13
4.3.1.1 Vehicles with Stop&Start functions 13
4.3.1.2 Vehicles with regenerative braking 14
4.3.1.3 Vehicles with electric driving mode 14
4.3.2 Heat pump systems 18
4.3.2.1 Air-to-air heat pumps 19
4.3.2.2 Air-to-water heat pumps 22
4.3.2.3 Water-to-air heat pumps 22
4.3.2.4 Water-to-water heat pumps 23
4.3.2.5 Back-up electric resistance heating system 23
4.3.3 Local heating systems 25
4.3.4 Thermal energy storage 25
4.4 BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT (BTM) 26
4.4.1 Description of a battery 26
4.4.1.1 Battery pack, modules and cells 26
4.4.1.2 Operating principle of Lithium-Ion battery cells 27
4.4.1.3 Battery technical characteristics 27
4.4.1.4 State of charge (SOC) 28
4.4.2 Battery charging 29
4.4.3 Battery aging 30
4.4.3.1 Calendar and cycling aging 30
4.4.3.2 State of Health (SOH) 30
4.4.4 Battery Management System (BMS) 31
4.4.5 Energy balance across a battery cell 31
4.4.5.1 Heat generation inside the cell 32
4.4.5.2 Heat exchange with the ambient and with the heat transfer fluid of the BTMS 32
4.4.6 Undesired effects of battery operating temperature 33
4.4.6.1 Cell temperature level 33
4.4.6.2 Battery temperature gradient 34
4.4.6.3 Battery thermal inertia 35
4.4.7 Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 35
4.4.7.1 Air-based systems 36
4.4.7.2 Liquid-based systems 39
4.4.7.3 Refrigerant-based systems 41
4.4.7.4 Dielectric fluid-based system 41
4.4.7.5 Mutual impact of cabin climate control and BTM 41
4.4.7.6 Coupling of battery modules on coolant/refrigerant plates 42
4.4.7.7 Comparison between air cooling and glycol-water cooling solutions 43
4.4.7.8 PCM and other technologies 43
4.5 E-MOTOR AND POWER ELECTRONICS COOLING 46
4.5.1 Power electronics 46
4.5.2 Electric motor (e-motor) 48
4.5.2.1 Types of electric motors 49
4.5.2.2 Losses in electric motors 50
4.5.2.3 Operating temperature range of e-motors 51
4.5.2.4 E-motor cooling system 52
4.5.3 Combined e-motor and power electronics thermal management 54
4.6 OVERALL THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIFIED VEHICLES 54
4.6.1 Fluids loops and their connections 55
4.6.2 Front-end module configuration 56
4.6.3 Pumps and fan-motor assembly 56
4.7 REFERENCES 57
Description
THERMAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN VEHICLES
Comprehensive coverage of thermal energy management systems and components in vehicles
In Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a robust and authoritative account of thermal energy management systems and components in vehicles. Covering three main areas—the thermal management of internal combustion engines, mobile air-conditioning, and thermal management of hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles—the book discusses and proposes simulation models for many of the components and systems introduced in the book.
The authors also cover state-of-the-art and emerging technologies, as well as likely future industry trends, and offer an accompanying website with supplementary materials like downloadable models.
Readers will also find:
Material that bridges the gap between academia and industry
Proposed simulation models for vehicular components and systems
Fulsome discussions of industry trends likely to take hold in the near future
Accompanying online resources, including downloadable simulation models, on a complimentary website
Perfect for researchers, graduate students, and practitioners in automotive engineering, Thermal Energy Management in Vehicles will also benefit anyone seeking a comprehensive treatment of vehicular thermal energy management systems and components.
Vincent Lemort is an Associate Professor at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of the University of Liège. His research interests include the modeling, testing, and optimization of thermal energy systems.
Gérard Olivier worked for many years for Renault Group and filed 70 patents. He was in charge of thermal systems and cabin air quality research activities and served as the expert for innovative solutions for thermal energy management.
Georges de Pelsemaeker is the Program and Research & Development Director of the Valeo Thermal System Business Group. He has over 20 years’ experience leading the development of vehicle and engine emission control systems.
9781119251767
Automobiles --Air conditioning.
Automobiles --Climatisation.
Automobiles --Motors --Cooling systems.
Heat --Transmission.
Electronic books.
629.25/6